Gjuhët goidelike: Dallime mes rishikimesh

[redaktim i pashqyrtuar][Redaktim i kontrolluar]
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary
Jo anglisht, perktheje nje here pastaj vije ketu.
Rreshti 11:
}}
'''Gjuhët goidelike''' apo '''Gjuhët gaelike''' ({{lang-ga|teangacha Gaelacha}}, {{lang-gd|cànanan Goidhealach}}, {{lang-gv|çhengaghyn Gaelgagh}}) jane nje nga dy deget e [[Insular Celtic languages]],dhe tjetra konsiston ne [[Brythonic languages]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Robert D. Borsley | coauthor = Ian G. Roberts | title = The Syntax of the Celtic Languages: A Comparative Perspective | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year = 1996 | page = 2 | isbn =978-0521481601}}</ref> gjuhet goidelike historikisht formojne një [[dialect continuum]] shtrihen nga jugu i [[Ireland]]es përmes [[Isle of Man]] në veri të [[Skocise]]. Ka tre gjuhë moderne goidelike: [[Irish language|Irish]] (''Gaeilge''), [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] (''Gàidhlig'') and [[Manx language|Manx]] (''Gaelg'').<ref>{{cite book | author = Robert D. Borsley | coauthor = Ian G. Roberts | title = The Syntax of the Celtic Languages: A Comparative Perspective | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year = 1996 | page = 3 | isbn =978-0521481601}}</ref>
 
Gjuhët goidelike janë pjesë e [[P-Celtic and Q-Celtic|Q-Celtic]] e dege e [[Celtic languages]].
 
==Nomenklatura==
Although Irish and Manx are often referred to as Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic (as they are Goidelic or Gaelic languages), the use of the word ''Gaelic'' is unnecessary because the terms Irish and Manx, when referring to language, only ever refer to these languages, whereas [[Scots language|Scots]] has come to refer to a [[Germanic languages|Germanic language]], and therefore "Scottish" can refer to things not at all Gaelic. The word ''Gaelic'' by itself is sometimes used to refer to Scottish Gaelic and is thus [[ambiguous]].
 
The names used in the languages themselves (''Gaeilge/Gaolainn/Gaelic'' in Irish, ''Gaelg/Gailck'' in Manx, and ''Gàidhlig'' in Scottish Gaelic) are derived from Old Irish ''Goídelc'', which comes from [[Old Welsh language|Old Welsh]] ''Guoidel'' meaning "pirate, raider".<ref>Koch, John. The Goddodin of Aneirin, Celtic Studies Publications, 1997, pg. xcvii, note 2)</ref><ref>Koch, John (ed). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2006, p. 739</ref>
<!-- NB: see the [[Gael]] article for more info on origins of the words - doesn't mean it needs to be added here!!!! -->
 
==Klasifikimi==
The family tree of the Goidelic languages is as follows:
 
* [[Insular Celtic languages|Insular Celtic]]
** [[Primitive Irish]]
*** [[Old Irish]]
**** [[Middle Irish]]
***** [[Irish language|Modern Irish]]
***** [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]]
***** [[Manx language|Manx]]
 
==Historia dhe rangu==
[[File:Map Gaels Brythons Picts.png|thumb|right|250px|Britain & Ireland in the mid-5th century, between the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|Roman withdrawal]] and the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms]].
{{legend|Green|outline=#aaaaaa|Mainly Goidelic areas.}}
{{legend|Blue|outline=#aaaaaa|Mainly [[Pictish language|Pictish]] areas.}}
{{legend|Red|outline=#aaaaaa|Mainly [[Brythonic languages|Brythonic]] areas.}}
Goidelic language and culture would eventually become dominant in the Pictish area and far northern Brythonic area.]]
Goidelic was once restricted to [[Ireland]], but sometime between the 3rd and 6th centuries groups of Irish, called by the Romans by the general term ''[[Scoti]]'', began migrating from Ireland to what is now Cornwall, Wales and Scotland. Those who settled in Cornwall and Wales made little long-term impact. However, the Dál Riada settlers in Scotland eventually assimilated the [[Picts]] (a group of peoples who may have spoken [[Pictish language|a Brythonic language]]) who lived throughout [[History of Scotland|Scotland]].<ref>{{cite book| last=Gillies| first=William| chapter=Scottish Gaelic| pages=145–227| title=The Celtic languages| editor=Martin J. Ball and James Fife (eds.)| location=London| publisher=Routledge| year=1993| isbn=0-415-01035-7}}</ref> Manx, the Gaelic language of the [[Isle of Man]], is closely akin to the Irish spoken in northeast and eastern Ireland and the now extinct [[Galwegian Gaelic|Gaelic]] of [[Galloway]] (in southwest Scotland), with some influence from Old Norse through the [[Viking]] invasions and from the previous British inhabitants.
 
The oldest written Goidelic language is [[Primitive Irish]], which is attested in [[Ogham]] inscriptions up to about the 4th century. The forms of this speech are very close, and often identical, to the forms of [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] recorded before and during the Roman Empire. The next stage, [[Old Irish]], is found in the margins of [[Latin]] religious [[manuscript]]s from the 6th to the 10th century, as well as in archaic texts copied/recorded in [[Middle Irish]] texts. Middle Irish, the immediate predecessor of the modern Goidelic languages, is the term for the language as recorded from the 10th to the 12th century: a great deal of literature survives in it, including the early Irish law texts.
 
[[Classical Gaelic]], otherwise known as [[Early Modern Irish]],<ref>{{cite book | author = Adam Fox | coauthor = Daniel Woolf | title = The Spoken Word: Oral Culture in Britain, 1500-1850 | publisher= Manchester University Press | year = 2003 | page = 197 | isbn =978-0719057472}}</ref> covers the period from the 13th to the 18th century, during which time it was used as a literary language<ref>{{cite book | last = Lynch | first = Michael | title = The Oxford Companion to Scottish History | publisher= Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | page = 255 | isbn =978-0192116963}}</ref> in Ireland and Scotland.<ref>{{cite book | last = Trudgill | first = Peter | title = Language in the British Isles | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year = 1984 | page = 289 | isbn =978-0521284097}}</ref> This is often called Classical Irish, while [[Ethnologue]] gives the name "Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic" to this standardised written language. As long as this written language was the norm, Ireland was considered the Gaelic homeland to the Scottish [[literati]].
 
Later [[orthography|orthographic]] divergence has resulted in standardised [[pluricentric language|pluricentristic]] orthographies. Manx orthography, which was introduced in the 16th and 17th centuries, was based on English and Welsh practice and so never formed part of this literary standard.
 
==Irish==
{{Main|Irish language}}
Irish is one of Ireland's two official languages (along with [[English language|English]]). Historically the predominant language of the island, it is now a minority language in most parts, although Irish-speaking areas still exist in parts of the south, west, and northwest of Ireland. The legally defined Irish-speaking areas are called the [[Gaeltacht]]; all government institutions of the [[Republic of Ireland]] (in particular, the [[Oireachtas|parliament]] (''Oireachtas''), its [[Seanad Éireann|upper house]] (''Seanad'') and [[Dáil Éireann|lower house]] (''Dáil''), and the [[Taoiseach|prime minister]] (''Taoiseach'') are officially named in this language, even in English. At present, the Gaeltachtaí are primarily found in Counties [[County Cork|Cork]], [[County Donegal|Donegal]], [[County Mayo|Mayo]], [[County Galway|Galway]], [[County Kerry|Kerry]], and, to a lesser extent, in [[County Waterford|Waterford]] and [[County Meath|Meath]]. 1,656,790 (41.9% of the total population aged three years and over) regard themselves as able to speak Irish.<ref name="census2006">{{cite web
|title=Census 2006 – Principal Demographic Results
|url=http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Final%20Principal%20Demographic%20Results%202006.pdf
|publisher=Central Statistics Office
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2007-06-19}}</ref> Of these, 538,283 (32.5%) speak Irish on a daily basis.<ref name=census2006/> [[Irish language|Irish]] is also undergoing a revival in [[Northern Ireland]] and has been accorded some legal status there under the 1998 [[Belfast Agreement]]. The 2001 census in [[Irish language in Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] showed that 167,487 (10.4%) people "had some knowledge of Irish". Combined, this means that around one in three people (~1.8 million) on the [[Ireland|island of Ireland]] can understand Irish to some extent, although a large percentage of these do not speak it fluently. The census figures do not take into account those Irish who have emigrated, and it has been estimated (rightly or wrongly) that there are more native speakers of Irish in Britain, the US, Australia, and other parts of the world than there are in Ireland itself.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
 
Before the period of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] of the 1840s, the language was spoken by the vast majority of the population, but the famine and emigration led to a decline which has begun to reverse only very recently.
 
as well as the general assumption by the English and Anglicised ruling classes following the [[Flight of the Earls]] and disappearance of much of the Gaelic aristocracy that Irish was a language spoken by ignorant peasants,
 
The Irish language has been officially recognised as a working language by the [[European Union]]. Ireland's national language is the twenty-first to be given such recognition by the EU and previously had the status of a treaty language.
 
==Scottish Gaelic==
{{Main|Scottish Gaelic language}}
Some people in the north and west of mainland Scotland and most people in the [[Hebrides]] still speak Scottish Gaelic, but the language has been in decline. There are now believed to be approximately 1,000 native speakers of Scottish Gaelic in [[Nova Scotia]] and 60,000 in [[Scotland]].
 
Its historical range was much larger. For example, it was the everyday language of most of the rest of the Highlands until little more than a century ago. [[Galloway]] was once also a Gaelic-speaking region, but the [[Galwegian Gaelic|Galwegian dialect]] has been extinct there for approximately three centuries. It is believed to have been home to dialects that were transitional between Scottish Gaelic and the two other Goidelic languages. While Gaelic was spoken across the [[Scottish Borders]] and [[Lothian]] during the early [[Scotland in the High Middle Ages|High Middle Ages]] it doesn’t seem to have been spoken by the majority and was likely the language of the ruling elite, land owners and religious clerics. Some other parts of the [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowlands]] spoke forms of British, and others Scots Inglis, the only exceptions being the northern isles of [[Orkney]] and [[Shetland]] where Norse was spoken.
 
''Scotland'' takes its name from the Latin word for a Gael, ''Scotus'' (of uncertain etymology).<ref>[http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50216347 ''Oxford English Dictionary'']: Scot, ''n''.<sup>1</sup>. The source of the late Latin word is obscure. There is no evidence that it represents the native name of any Gaelic-speaking people (the Irish ''Scot'', an Irishman, pl. ''Scuit'', appears to be a learned word from Latin), nor does it exist in Welsh, though Welshmen in writing Latin have from the earliest times used ''Scoti'' as the rendering of ''Gwyddel'' (Gaels). [...] Retrieved 11 October 2010</ref> ''Scotland'' originally meant ''Land of the Gaels'' in a cultural and social sense. Until late in the 15th century, ''Scottis'' in Scots English was used to refer only to Gaelic, and the speakers of this language who were identified as ''Scots''. As the ruling elite became Scots Inglis/English-speaking, ''Scottis'' was gradually associated with the land rather than the people, and the word ''Erse'' '''Irish''' was gradually used more and more as an act of culturo-political disassociation with an overt implication that the language was not really Scottish, and therefore '''foreign'''.
 
In the early 16th century the dialects of northern [[Middle English]], also known as [[Early Scots]], which had developed in Lothian and had come to be spoken elsewhere in the Kingdom of Scotland themselves later appropriated the name [[Scots language|Scots]]. By the 17th century Gaelic speakers were restricted largely to the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] and the [[Hebrides]]. Furthermore, the culturally repressive measures taken against the rebellious Highland communities by the British crown following the 2nd [[Jacobite Rebellion]] of 1746 caused still further decline in the language's use &ndash; to a large extent by enforced emigration. Even more decline followed in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
 
The [[Scottish Parliament]] has afforded the language a secure statutory status and ''equal respect'' (but not full equality in legal status within Scots Law [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4467769.stm]) with English, sparking hopes that Scottish Gaelic can be saved from extinction and perhaps even revived.
 
==Manx==
{{Main|Manx language}}
Today Manx is used as the sole medium for teaching at five of the island's pre-schools by a company named {{lang|gv|''[[Mooinjer Veggey]]''}}, which also operates the sole Manx primary school—the {{lang|gv|''[[Bunscoill Ghaelgagh]]''}}. Manx is taught as a second language at all of the Island's primary and secondary schools and also at the [[Isle of Man College]] and [[Centre for Manx Studies]].
 
==Krahasime==
Line 146 ⟶ 82:
|}
 
==Influence on other languages==
There are two languages that show Goidelic influence, although they are not Goidelic languages themselves.
 
[[Shelta language]] is sometimes thought to be a Goidelic language, but is in fact a [[Cant (language)|cant]] based on Irish and [[English language|English]], with a primarily English-based [[syntax]].
 
The [[Bungee language]] in [[Canada]] is an English dialect spoken by [[Métis]] that was influenced by [[Orkney]] English, [[Scots English]], [[Cree language|Cree]], [[Anishinaabe language|Ojibwe]], and [[Scottish Gaelic]].
 
==See also==
* [[Differences between Scottish Gaelic and Irish]]
* [[Connacht Irish]]
* [[Ulster Irish]]
* [[Munster Irish]]
* [[Newfoundland Irish]]
* [[Canadian Gaelic]]
* [[Galwegian Gaelic]]
* [[Goidelic substrate hypothesis]]
* [[Proto-Celtic]]
* [[Éire]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==ExternalLidhje linkste jashtme==
{{Wiktionary|Goidelic}}
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90049 Ethnologue file on Goidelic languages]
Line 175 ⟶ 93:
* [[:gv:|Manx Wikipedia]]
* [http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/ga-ge/coimeas.html Comparison of Irish and Scottish Gaelic]
 
{{Celtic languages}}
{{Celtic nations|state=autocollapse}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goidelic Languages}}