Organizmi: Dallime mes rishikimesh

Vlerësimet për numrin e [[Specia|specieve]] aktuale të Tokës variojnë nga 2 milion në 1 trilion,<ref name="Larsen2017">{{Cite journal|last=Brendan B. Larsen|last2=Elizabeth C. Miller|last3=Matthew K. Rhodes|last4=John J. Wiens|date=September 2017|title=Inordinate Fondness Multiplied and Distributed:The Number of Species on Earth and the New Pie of Life|url=http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Larsen_et_al_QRB_2017.pdf|journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology|volume=92|issue=3|page=230|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> prej të cilave mbi 1.7 milion janë dokumentuar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Alyssa M.|year=2018|title=Describing the Undiscovered|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C24&as_ylo=2018&as_yhi=2018&q=Anderson+%22Describing+the+undiscovered%22&btnG=|journal=Chironomus: Journal of Chironomidae Research|issue=31|pages=2–3|doi=10.5324/cjcr.v0i31.2887}}</ref> Më shumë se 99% e të gjitha specieve, që arrijnë në mbi pesë miliardë specie,<ref name="Book-Biology">{{Cite book|editor-last=Kunin, W.E.|title=The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare – common differences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1996|isbn=978-0-412-63380-5|accessdate=26 May 2015}}</ref> që kanë jetuar ndonjëherë vlerësohet të jenë në zhdukje.<ref name="StearnsStearns2000">{{Cite book|last=Stearns|first=Beverly Peterson|last2=Stearns|first2=S.C.|last3=Stearns|first3=Stephen C.|title=Watching, from the Edge of Extinction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent#v=onepage&q=99%20percent&f=false|year=2000|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-08469-6|page=preface x|accessdate=30 May 2017}}</ref> <ref name="NYT-20141108-MJN">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html|title=Prehistory's Brilliant Future|last=Novacek|first=Michael J.|date=8 November 2014|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref>

 

 

== Etimologjia ==

Lokacioni më së shpeshti i pranuar nga rrënjët e [[ Pema e jetës (biologjia)|pemës së jetës]] është në mes të një monophyletic domain [[Bacteria|Bakteret]] dhe një clade formuar nga [[Archaea]] dhe [[Eukarioti|Eukaryota]] të asaj që është referuar si "pema tradicionale e jetës", në bazë të disa studimeve molekulare.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Brown | first1 = J.R. | last2 = Doolittle | first2 = W.F. | year = 1995 | title = Root of the Universal Tree of Life Based on Ancient Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Gene Duplications | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 92 | issue = 7| pages = 2441–2445 | pmid = 7708661 | pmc=42233 | doi=10.1073/pnas.92.7.2441}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gogarten | first1 = J.P. | last2 = Kibak | first2 = H. | last3 = Dittrich | first3 = P. | last4 = Taiz | first4 = L. | last5 = Bowman | first5 = E.J. | last6 = Bowman | first6 = B.J. | last7 = Manolson | first7 = M.F. |display-authors=etal | year = 1989 | title = Evolution of the Vacuolar H+-ATPase: Implications for the Origin of Eukaryotes | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 86 | issue = 17| pages = 6661–6665 | pmid = 2528146 | pmc=297905 | doi=10.1073/pnas.86.17.6661}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gogarten | first1 = J.P. | last2 = Taiz | first2 = L. | year = 1992 | title = Evolution of Proton Pumping ATPases: Rooting the Tree of Life | journal = Photosynthesis Research | volume = 33 | issue = 2| pages = 137–146 | doi = 10.1007/BF00039176| pmid = 24408574 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Gribaldo | first1 = S | last2 = Cammarano | first2 = P | year = 1998 | title = The Root of the Universal Tree of Life Inferred from Anciently Duplicated Genes Encoding Components of the Protein-Targeting Machinery | url = | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 47 | issue = 5| pages = 508–516 | pmid = 9797401 | doi=10.1007/pl00006407}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iwabe | first1 = Naoyuki | last2 = Kuma | first2 = Kei-Ichi | last3 = Hasegawa | first3 = Masami | last4 = Osawa | first4 = Syozo | last5 = Miyata Source | first5 = Takashi | last6 = Hasegawa | first6 = Masami | last7 = Osawa | first7 = Syozo | last8 = Miyata | first8 = Takashi | year = 1989 | title = Evolutionary Relationship of Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryotes Inferred from Phylogenetic Trees of Duplicated Genes | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 86 | issue = 23| pages = 9355–9359 | pmid = 2531898 | pmc=298494 | doi=10.1073/pnas.86.23.9355}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=David R. |editor1-last=Boone |editor2-first=Richard W. |editor2-last=Castenholz |editor3-first=George M. |editor3-last=Garrity |title=The ''Archaea'' and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic ''Bacteria'' |series=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology |isbn=978-0-387-21609-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/microbiology/book/978-0-387-98771-2 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-21609-6|publisher=Springer |year=2001}}{{page needed|date=June 2014}}</ref> Një pakicë shumë e vogël studimesh kanë përfunduar ndryshe, domethënë që rrënja është në fushën e Baktereve, qoftë në Firmicutes të azilit <ref>{{cite journal |author=Valas, R.E. |author2=Bourne, P.E. |title=The origin of a derived superkingdom: how a gram-positive bacterium crossed the desert to become an archaeon |journal=Biology Direct |volume=6 |issue= |page=16 |year=2011 |pmid=21356104 |pmc=3056875 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-6-16}}</ref> ose që [[Chloroflexi|Chloroflexi i azilit]] është bazik në një kladë me Archaea dhe Eukaryotes dhe pjesën tjetër të Baktereve siç propozohet nga [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]] . <ref name=CS2>{{cite journal |author=Cavalier-Smith T |title=Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses |journal=Biology Direct |volume=1 |page=19 |year=2006 |pmid=16834776 |pmc=1586193 |doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-19}}</ref>

 

 

=== Riprodhim ===