Lidhja e Lezhës: Dallime mes rishikimesh
[redaktim i pashqyrtuar] | [Redaktim i kontrolluar] |
Content deleted Content added
pa citimin gjegjes Etiketat: Manual revert Reverted |
U kthye versioni 2163071 i bërë nga 37.1.205.250 (diskutimet) zhbërje e vetvetes. Nuk ia vlen barra qiranë. Etiketa: Undo |
||
Rreshti 1:
[[Skeda:Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu.jpg|right|parapamje|Skënderbeu sipas një prej versioneve të menduara të jenë origjinale]]
'''Lidhja e Lezhës''' ka qenë një aleancë ushtarake që u themelua në [[Lezha|Lezhë]] më 2 [[mars]] [[1444]], me [[Skënderbeu|Skënderbeun]] si kryeprijës të prijësve krahinor [[Shqiptarët#Etimologjia|
Anëtarët kryesorë të besëlidhjes ishin [[Aranitët|Arianitët]], [[Balshajt]], [[Muzakajt]], [[Spanët]], [[Zahariajt]] dhe [[Cërnojeviqët|Gjurashët]].<ref name="Schmitt-297" /> [[Marin Barleti|Barleti]] e quan ''generalis concilium'' ose ''universum concilium'' (këshilli i përgjithshëm); termi "Besëlidhja e Lezhës" u farkëtua nga historianët e mëpasëm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Biçoku|first=Kasem|title=Kastriotët në Dardani|location=Prishtinë|publisher=Albanica|year=2009|pages=111–116|isbn=978-9951-8735-4-3|language=sq}}</ref> Kuvendi i Lezhës çmohet si pika e nisjes në krijimin e një shteti shqiptar.<ref name="Sugar">{{Cite book|last=Sugar|first=Peter F.|title=Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2012|origyear=1983|isbn=978-0-295-80363-0|location=Washington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYsVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq|page=67}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Frashëri|2009|p=77, 113}}</ref>
== Sfondi historik ==
Pas vdekjes së perandorit serb [[Stefan Dushani|Stefan Dushanit]] më 1355, manjatët arbërorë vendosën zotërimet e tyre. Kur fuqitë osmane hynë në Arbëri, iu përshfaqën principata të vogla të përfshira në beteja të vogla njëra me tjetrën. Beteja e parë kundër fuqive osmanëve në Arbëri u krye nga [[Balsha II]], zot i [[Zeta sunduar nga Balshajt|Zetës]], kur një tjetër zot feudal arbër, [[Karl Topia]], i ftoi osmanët që mposhtën dhe vranë Balshën II në [[Beteja e Savrës|betejën e Savrës]] që ngjau më 18 shtator 1385.<ref name="Somel2010">{{cite book|last=Somel|first=Selcuk Aksin|title=The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&pg=PA14|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-7579-1|page=14|quote=...the Ottomans supported Lord Carlo Thopia against Balsha II, defeating the latter...|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301101839/https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&pg=PA14|archivedate=2018-03-01|df=}}</ref><ref name="Gibbons2013">{{cite book|last=Gibbons|first=Herbert Adam|title=The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|date=21 August 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-02982-1|page=159|quote=...In 1385, Khaireddin pasha... was invited by Charles Thopia, lord of Durazzo, to aid him in a war against Balsa...|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203035746/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|archivedate=3 December 2016|df=}}</ref>
== Përbërja ==
Aleanca ushtarake<ref>{{harvnb|Sedlar|1994}}</ref> u përbë nga zotërit feudalë të Arbërisë, e cilësuar sipas Georges Castellan "një aleancë e pasigurt".<ref name="Castellan1992">{{cite book|author=Georges Castellan|title=History of the Balkans: From Mohammed the Conqueror to Stalin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1G5pAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-222-4|quote=In Albania the Ottomans continued to be confronted by Skanderbeg and feudal lords who in 1444 had formed the League of Alessio (Lezha). Yet this was a precarious alliance and ...|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301101840/https://books.google.com/books?id=1G5pAAAAMAAJ|archivedate=2018-03-01|df=}}</ref> Skënderbeu u zgjodh kryetar dhe komandanti në fuqi i forcave të kombinuara që numronin rreth 8,000 luftëtarë.<ref>{{citation|last=Fox|first=Robert|title=The inner sea: the Mediterranean and its people|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGwTAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|page=195|oclc=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913063211/https://books.google.com/books?id=GGwTAQAAIAAJ|archivedate=2017-09-13|df=}}</ref> Të gjithë zotërit feudalë kishin zotërimet dhe punët e brendshme të pacënuara; "Skënderbeu nuk kishte tagër të ndërhynte në çështjet e brendshme të zotërimeve të fisnikëve të tjerë", por ishte komandant i përgjithshëm ushtarak, duke vepruar si ''primum inter pares.''<ref>{{harvnb|Frashëri|1964|p=71}}{{quote|Scanderbeg too kept his domain. As president of the League he was merely primus inter pares. He had no right to interfere with the affairs of the domains of other nobles.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Österreichische Osthefte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6AWAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 June 2013|year=2003|publisher=Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut|page=123|quote=Skanderbeg, der scheinbar dabei war, seine Rolle als primus inter pares zu verlassen und sich zum Herren des ganzen nichtosmanischen Albanien zu machen, stieß auf zunehmenden Widerstand.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301101840/https://books.google.com/books?id=C6AWAQAAMAAJ|archivedate=1 March 2018|df=}}</ref> Besëlidhja e Lezhës u themelua më 2 mars 1444,<ref name="Nolip19">{{harvnb|Noli|1947|p=36}}</ref> fisnikët pjesëmarrës qenë:
*[[Andrea Topia]], zot i Skurisë midis [[Kruja|Krujës]] dhe [[Durrësi]]t, me nipin e vet [[Tanush Topia]];<ref>{{harvnb|Noli|1947|p=36}}</ref>
*[[Arianit Komneni|Gjergj Arianiti]]
*
*[[Lekë Dushmani]], zot i [[Pulti (krahinë)#Pulti i Poshtëm|Pulti të Poshtëm]].<ref name="Schmitt-297" />
*[[Lekë Zaharia]], zot i Shasit dhe i [[Danjë]]s; së bashku me vasalët e vet [[Nikollë Dukagjini|Pal dhe Nikollë Dukagjini]]
Line 22 ⟶ 20:
*Stefan Gjurashi, zot i [[Zeta#Zeta e Sipërme|Zetës së Epërme]].<ref name="Schmitt-297" />
E nisur dhe e organizuar nën patronazhin e [[Republika e Venedikut|Republikës së Venedikut]],<ref name="GibbLewis1973">{{cite book|last1=Gibb|first1=Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen|last2=Lewis|first2=Bernard|last3=Pellat|first3=Charles|first4=Joseph|last4=Schacht|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Brill|page=139|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527220307/http://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ|archivedate=2013-05-27|df=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> përmes traktateve, besëlidhja kaloi nën [[Alfonsi V|Alfonsin V]], me Skënderbeun si kapidan i përgjithshëm.<ref name="Skendi1980">{{cite book|author=Stavro Skendi|title=Balkan Cultural Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWBiAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-914710-66-0|quote=With this network of treaties, the League of Alessio was placed under King Alphonse V, with Skenderbeg as Captain General.78 When Musachi Thopia was apparently reluctant to collaborate with Skenderbeg, the King of Naples reminded him ...|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301101840/https://books.google.com/books?id=JWBiAAAAMAAJ|archivedate=2018-03-01|df=}}</ref> Aleanca ushtarake<ref>{{harvnb|Sedlar|1994}}</ref> u përbë nga zotërit feudalë të Arbërisë, e cilësuar sipas Georges Castellan "një aleancë e pasigurt".<ref name="Castellan1992">{{cite book|author=Georges Castellan|title=History of the Balkans: From Mohammed the Conqueror to Stalin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1G5pAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-222-4|quote=In Albania the Ottomans continued to be confronted by Skanderbeg and feudal lords who in 1444 had formed the League of Alessio (Lezha). Yet this was a precarious alliance and ...|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301101840/https://books.google.com/books?id=1G5pAAAAMAAJ|archivedate=2018-03-01|df=}}</ref> Skënderbeu u zgjodh kryetar dhe komandanti në fuqi i forcave të kombinuara që numronin rreth 8,000 luftëtarë.<ref>{{citation|last=Fox|first=Robert|title=The inner sea: the Mediterranean and its people|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGwTAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|page=195|oclc=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913063211/https://books.google.com/books?id=GGwTAQAAIAAJ|archivedate=2017-09-13|df=}}</ref> Të gjithë zotërit feudalë kishin zotërimet dhe punët e brendshme të pacënuara; "Skënderbeu nuk kishte tagër të ndërhynte në çështjet e brendshme të zotërimeve të fisnikëve të tjerë", por ishte komandant i përgjithshëm ushtarak, duke vepruar si ''primum inter pares.''<ref>{{harvnb|Frashëri|1964|p=71}}{{quote|Scanderbeg too kept his domain. As president of the League he was merely primus inter pares. He had no right to interfere with the affairs of the domains of other nobles.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Österreichische Osthefte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C6AWAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 June 2013|year=2003|publisher=Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut|page=123|quote=Skanderbeg, der scheinbar dabei war, seine Rolle als primus inter pares zu verlassen und sich zum Herren des ganzen nichtosmanischen Albanien zu machen, stieß auf zunehmenden Widerstand.|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301101840/https://books.google.com/books?id=C6AWAQAAMAAJ|archivedate=1 March 2018|df=}}</ref>
Besëlidhja e Lezhës përgjithësisht pranohet si pikënisje e krijimit të shtetit të përqendruar shqiptar nga Skënderbeu.<ref name="Sugar">{{Cite book|last=Sugar|first=Peter F.|title=Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=2012|origyear=1983|isbn=978-0-295-80363-0|location=Washington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYsVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&dq|page=67}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Frashëri|2009|p=77, 113}}</ref><ref name="Rogers2010">{{cite book|last=Matanov|first=Christo|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA363|accessdate=1 February 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533403-6|page=363|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628195844/http://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA2-PA363|archivedate=28 qershor 2014|df=}}</ref><ref name="PickardÇeliku2008">{{cite book|last1=Pickard|first1=Rob|last2=Çeliku|first2=Florent|title=Analysis and reform of cultural heritage policies in South-East Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi8fjENzJacC&pg=PA16|year=2008|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=978-92-871-6265-6|page=16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628200232/http://books.google.com/books?id=Bi8fjENzJacC&pg=PA16|archivedate=28 qershor 2014|df=}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Schmitt|first=Oliver Jens|authorlink=Oliver Jens Schmitt| year=2009|title=Skënderbeu|publisher=K&B Tiranë|isbn=978-99956-667-5-0|language=sq}}</ref><ref name="GibbLewis1973">{{cite book|last1=Gibb|first1=Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen|last2=Lewis|first2=Bernard|last3=Pellat|first3=Charles|first4=Joseph|last4=Schacht|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ|year=1973|publisher=Brill|page=139|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527220307/http://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ|archivedate=2013-05-27|df=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> përmes traktateve, besëlidhja kaloi nën [[Alfonsi V|Alfonsin V]], me Skënderbeun si kapidan i përgjithshëm.<ref name="Skendi1980">{{cite book|author=Stavro Skendi|title=Balkan Cultural Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWBiAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-914710-66-0|quote=With this network of treaties, the League of Alessio was placed under King Alphonse V, with Skenderbeg as Captain General.78 When Musachi Thopia was apparently reluctant to collaborate with Skenderbeg, the King of Naples reminded him ...|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301101840/https://books.google.com/books?id=JWBiAAAAMAAJ|archivedate=2018-03-01|df=}}</ref>
== Historia ==
Forcat e aleancës korrën fitore kundër osmanëve në [[Beteja e Torviollit|Torvioll (1444)]], [[Beteja e parë e Mokrës (1445)|Mokër (1445)]], [[Beteja e Otonetës|Otonetë (1446)]], [[Beteja e parë e Oranikut (1448)|Oranik (1448)]], humbën në [[Beteja e Svetigradit (1448)|Svetigrad (1448)]] dhe fitore në [[Rrethimi i parë i Krujës|Krujë (1450)]].
== Referencat ==
|