Perandoria Austriake

Perandoria Austriake ( gjermanisht: Kaiserthum Oesterreich , drejtshkrim modern Kaisertum Österreich ) ishte një fuqi e madhe shumëkombëshe e Evropës Qendrore - Lindore nga viti 1804 deri në vitin 1867, e krijuar me shpalljen e Monarkisë së Habsburgëve. ^[1] ^[2] ^[3]

Përmbledhje Redakto

Gjatë ekzistencës së saj, Perandoria Austriake ishte perandoria e tretë më e populluar në Evropë pas Perandorisë Ruse dhe Mbretërisë së Bashkuar . Së bashku me Prusinë, ishte një nga dy fuqitë kryesore të Konfederatës Gjermane . Gjeografikisht, ishte perandoria e tretë më e madhe në Evropë pas Perandorisë Ruse dhe Perandorisë së Parë Franceze ( 621,538 square kilometres (239,977 sq mi) ). Ajo është shpallur në përgjigje të Perandorisë së Parë Franceze, ajo u mbivendos pjesërisht me Perandorinë e Shenjtë Romake deri në shpërbërjen e kësaj të fundit në vitin 1806.

Mbretëria e Hungarisë - siç ishte Regnum Independens - administrohej nga institucionet e saj veçmas nga pjesa tjetër e perandorisë. Pasi Austria u mund në Luftën Austro-Prusiane të vitit 1866, u miratua Kompromisi Austro-Hungarez i viti 1867, duke u bashkuar me Mbretërinë e Hungarisë dhe Perandorinë e Austrisë për të formuar Austro-Hungarinë. ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7]

Në përbërje të Perandorisë Austriake ishte edhe e ashtuquajtura Mbretëria e Ilirisë (1816 - 1849)

Shih edhe Redakto

Literatura Redakto

Bassett, Richard. For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918 (2016).
Evans, R. J. W. (2006). Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c. 1683–1867. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!) online^{[lidhje e vdekur]}
Judson, Pieter M. The Habsburg Empire: A New History (2016) excerpt
Kann, Robert A. (1980). A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918 (bot. 2nd). {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
Kissinger, Henry (1955). The World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812–22. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
Okey, Robin (2002). The Habsburg Monarchy, C.1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!) excerpt and text search
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1976). "Nobility and Military Careers: The Habsburg Officer Corps, 1740–1914". Military Affairs. 40 (4): 182–186. doi:10.2307/1986702. JSTOR 1986702. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1968). "The Austrian Army in the Age of Metternich". Journal of Modern History. 40 (2): 155–165. doi:10.1086/240187. JSTOR 1876727. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
Sked, Alan. "Explaining the Habsburg Empire, 1830–90." in Pamela Pilbeam, ed., Themes in Modern European History 1830-1890 (Routledge, 2002) pp. 141–176.
Sked, Alan (2008). Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
Sked, Alan (2001). The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918 (bot. 2nd). {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
Steed, Henry Wickham. The Hapsburg monarchy (1919) online detailed contemporary account
Taylor, A.J.P. (1941). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. {{cite book}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!) excerpt and text search

Referime Redakto

^ Laszlo, Péter (2011), Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, fq. 6, From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty's three main branches on both lines. From the perspective of the ország, Hungary was regnum independens, a separate Land as Article X of 1790 stipulated …….. In 1804 Emperor Franz assumed the title of Emperor of Austria for all the Erblande of the dynasty and for the other Lands, including Hungary. Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria. The Court reassured the diet, however, that the assumption of the monarch's new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of Hungary {{citation}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ "Vor dem Jahr 1848 is[t] das Kaisertum Österreich verfassungsrechtlich als ein monarchischer Einheitsstaat auf differenziert föderalistischer Grundlage zu sehen, wobei die besondere Stel[l]ung Ungarns im Rahmen dieses Gesamtstaates stets offenkundig war. Eine weitere Differenzierung der föderalistischen Grundlage erfolgte ab 1815 durch die Zugehörigkeit eines teiles des Kaisertums zum Deutschen Bund." "Before 1848 the Austrian Empire can be regarded in constitutional law as a unitary monarchy on a differentiated federalistic basis, whereby the special position of Hungary within the framework of this federal entity was always evident. A further differentiation of the federalistic position followed from 1815 through the affiliation of a part of the empire to the German federation."Zeilner, Franz (2008), Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des Öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: Eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts, Lang, Frankfurt am Main, fq. 45 {{citation}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ József Zachar, Austerlitz, 1805. december 2. A három császár csatája – magyar szemmel, Arkivuar 22 dhjetor 2019 tek Wayback Machine In: Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves, ELTE, Budapest, 2010 p. 557
^ Sked, Alan. The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918. London: Longman, 1989. Print.
^ Jelavich, Barbara. The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs: 1814–1918. Chicago: Rand Mcnally, 1969. Print.
^ Tuncer, Huner. "Metternich and the Modern Era." ARTS-CULTURE -. Daily News, 6 September 1996. Web. 24 March 2015.
^ Sofka, James R. "Metternich's Theory of European Order: A Political Agenda for 'Perpetual Peace'." The Review of Politics 60.01 (1998): 115. Web.

[1] Laszlo, Péter (2011), Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, fq. 6, From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty's three main branches on both lines. From the perspective of the ország, Hungary was regnum independens, a separate Land as Article X of 1790 stipulated …….. In 1804 Emperor Franz assumed the title of Emperor of Austria for all the Erblande of the dynasty and for the other Lands, including Hungary. Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria. The Court reassured the diet, however, that the assumption of the monarch's new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of Hungary {{citation}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[2] "Vor dem Jahr 1848 is[t] das Kaisertum Österreich verfassungsrechtlich als ein monarchischer Einheitsstaat auf differenziert föderalistischer Grundlage zu sehen, wobei die besondere Stel[l]ung Ungarns im Rahmen dieses Gesamtstaates stets offenkundig war. Eine weitere Differenzierung der föderalistischen Grundlage erfolgte ab 1815 durch die Zugehörigkeit eines teiles des Kaisertums zum Deutschen Bund." "Before 1848 the Austrian Empire can be regarded in constitutional law as a unitary monarchy on a differentiated federalistic basis, whereby the special position of Hungary within the framework of this federal entity was always evident. A further differentiation of the federalistic position followed from 1815 through the affiliation of a part of the empire to the German federation."Zeilner, Franz (2008), Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des Öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: Eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts, Lang, Frankfurt am Main, fq. 45 {{citation}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[3] József Zachar, Austerlitz, 1805. december 2. A három császár csatája – magyar szemmel, Arkivuar 22 dhjetor 2019 tek Wayback Machine In: Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves, ELTE, Budapest, 2010 p. 557

[Sked,_Alan_1918-4] Sked, Alan. The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918. London: Longman, 1989. Print.

[Jelavich,_Barbara_1918-5] Jelavich, Barbara. The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs: 1814–1918. Chicago: Rand Mcnally, 1969. Print.

[6] Tuncer, Huner. "Metternich and the Modern Era." ARTS-CULTURE -. Daily News, 6 September 1996. Web. 24 March 2015.

[Sofka,_James_R_1998-7] Sofka, James R. "Metternich's Theory of European Order: A Political Agenda for 'Perpetual Peace'." The Review of Politics 60.01 (1998): 115. Web.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]