Gjuha ilire: Dallime mes rishikimesh
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Rreshti 1:
'''Gjuha ilire''' apo '''ilirishtja'''.
Only a few Illyrian words are cited in classical sources by Roman or Greek writers, and of these only four are identified with an ethnonym ''Illyrii'' or ''Illurioí''; others must be identified by indirect means:
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! !! '''attestation''' !! '''English meaning''' !! '''[[etymology]]''' !! '''[[cognate]]s'''
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| abeis || || "snakes" || PIE * || Lat ''anguis'', Old High Germ ''unc'', Lith ''angìs'', Gk ''óchis'' "snake", ''echis'' "viper", Toch ''auk'' "snake", Arm ''auj'', Russ ''už'', Skt ''áhis'', Av ''aži''
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| bagaron || || "warm" || PIE *|| Phrygian ''bekos'' "bread", Alb ''bukë'' "bread", Eng ''bake'', Lat ''focus'' "hearth", Old Ir ''goba'' "blacksmith", Gk ''phōgein'' "to roast", Armenian ''bosor'' "red", ''bots'' "flame"
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| brisa || || "husk of grapes"|| PIE *|| Alb ''bërsí'' "lees, dregs; mash", Eng ''broth'', Lat ''defrutum'' "new wine boiled down", Welsh ''brwd'' "brewage", Old Ir ''bruth'' "heat, wrath", Thrac ''brỹtos'' "barley alcohol", ''brỹtion'' "wine must", Gk ''apéphrysen'' "to seethe, boil"
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| deuádai || || "satyrs" || PIE * || Skt ''dhūnoti'' "he shakes", Gk ''thýein'' "to rage, seethe", ''théeion'' "sulfur vapor", Eng ''dizzy'', Old Eng ''dwæs'' "foolish", Paeonian ''Dýalos'' "Dionysos", Lat ''furere'' "to rage", ''belua'' "wild animal", Old Ir ''dásacht'' "rage, fury", Lith ''dvesiù'' "to perish, die (animals)", Hitt ''tuhhai'' "to gasp"
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| mandos || || "small horse"|| PIE * || Alb ''mëz, mâz'' "poney", Thrac ''Mezēnai'' "divine horseman", Mess Iuppiter ''Menzanas'' (divinity)
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| mantía || || "bramblebush" || PIE * || Old and dial. Alb ''mandë'', mod. Alb ''mën, man'' "berry, mulberry"
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| rhinos || || "fog, mist" || PIE * || Old Alb ''ren'', mod. Alb ''re, rê'' "cloud"
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| sabaia, sabaium, sabaius || || "a type of [[beer]]" || PIE * || Eng ''sap'', Lat ''sapere'' "to taste", Skt ''sabar'' "sap, juice, nektar", Avestan ''višāpa'' "having poisonous juices", Arm ''ham'', Gk ''hapalós'' "tender, delicate", Old Ch Slav ''sveptŭ'' "bee's honey"
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| sibina (Lat.), sibyna (Lat.), sybina (Lat.); σιβυνη (Gk.), σιβυνης (Gk.), συβινη (Gk.), ζιβυνη (Gk.)|| [[Festius]], citing [[Ennius]]<ref>A Grammar Of Modern Indo-European: Language & Culture, Writing System & Phonology, Morphology And Syntax by Carlos Quiles,2007,ISBN 8461176391,"sibina(Lat), sibyna(Lat), sybina(Lat); σιβυνης(Gk.) σιβυνη(Gk.) συβινη(Gk.) ζυβινη(Gk.); a 'hunting spear' generally 'spear', 'pike'; an Illyrian word according to Festius citing Ennius; is compared to συβηνη (Gk.) found in Aristophanes Thesmophoriazusai; the word appears in context of a barbarian speaking.Akin to Persian zopin,Arm ''savin'' 'spit'"</ref>; is compared to ''συβηνη'' (Gk.), "flute case", a word found in [[Aristophanes]]' ''[[Thesmophoriazusai]]''; the word appears in the context of a barbarian speaking || "a hunting spear", generally, "a spear", "[[Pike (weapon)|pike]]" || PIE * || Alb ''thupër'' "bar, stick"<ref>Hamp 2007</ref>, cf. Pers ''zôpîn'', Arm ''səvīn'' "a spit"
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| sica, sicca (Lat.)|| First notice in [[Ennius]]: ''illyrii restant sicis sybinisque fodentes'', of Illyrian soldiers;<ref>Wilkes (1992)</ref><ref>Catilinarians By Marcus Tullius Cicero, Andrew R. Dyck Edition: illustrated Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008 ISBN 0521832861, 9780521832861 link [http://books.google.com/books?id=nDfViRE8Qy8C&pg=PA96&dq=sica+thracian&lr=&as_brr=3]</ref> later used in [[Natural History (Pliny)|Pliny]] to describe Thracian implements || "curved knife, dagger" || PIE * || Alb ''thika'' "knife"<ref>Basic Albanian etymologies By Martin E. Huld Edition: illustrated Published by Slavica Publishers, 1984 Original from the University of Michigan ISBN 0893571350, 9780893571351</ref><ref>Hamp 2007</ref>, cf. Lat ''sicca'' "dagger", Lat ''sicarii'' "assassins"
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Some additional words have been extracted by linguists from toponyms, hydronyms, anthroponyms, etc.:
*''Agruvium'' "along the coast between Risinum and Butua": IE *aĝr-; cf. Skt ''ájraḥ'' "pasture, field", Lat ''ager'', Gk ''agrós'', Goth ''akrs''
*''Bindus'' "river god"; cf. Old Ir ''banne'' "drop", Skt ''bindú, vindú'' "drops, gob, spot", possibly Lat ''fōns Bandusiae''
*''Bosona'', "Bosna river", literally "running water": IE *bheg-, bhog- "to run"; cf. Old Ch Slav ''bĕžati'' "to flee, run", Lith ''bėgti'' "to flee", Gk ''phébesthai'' "to flee", ''phóbos'' "fear", Alb ''boj'' "to drive, mate", Eng ''beck'' "brook, stream", Middle Ir ''búal'' "flowing water", Hindi ''bhāg'' "to flee"
*mons ''Bulsinus'', "Büžanim hill": IE *bhl.kos; cf. Eng ''balk'', Middle Ir ''blog'' "piece, fragment", Lat ''fulcrum'' "bedpost", Gk ''phálanx'' "trunk, log", Lith ''balžiena'' "crossbar", Serb ''blazína'' "roof beam", Skt ''bhuríjāu'' "cart arms"
*''Derbanoí'', An''derva'': IE *derv; cf. Eng ''tree'', Alb ''dru'' "wood", Old Ch Slav ''drĕvo'' "tree", Welsh ''derw'' "oak", Gk ''dóry'' "wood, spear", ''drýs'' "oak, tree", Lith ''derva'' "pine wood", Hitt ''taru'' "tree, wood', Thrac ''taru'' "spear", Skt ''dru'' "tree, wood", ''daru'' "wood, log"
*''Dizēros'', An''dízētes'': IE *digh; cf. Eng ''dough'', Gk ''teîchos'' "wall", Lat ''fingere'' "to shape, mold", Old Ir ''com-od-ding'' "he builds, erects", Old Russ ''dĕža'' "kneading trough", Arm ''dez'' "heap", Skt ''dehah'' "body, form"
*''Domator'', personal name; cf. Old Ir ''damnaid'' "he binds, breaks a horse", ''dam'' "ox", Eng ''tame'', dialectal Germ ''zamer'' "ox not under the yoke", Alb ''dem'' "young bull", Lat ''domāre'' "to tame", ''domitor'' "tamer", Gk ''dámnēmi'' "to break in", ''dámalos'' "calf", Skt ''dāmyáti'' "he is tame; he tames"
*''Loúgeon''. [[Strabo]] in his Geography mentions "a marsh called Lougeon" (which has been identified as [[Lake Cerknica]] in [[Slovenia]]) by the locals (Illyrian and Celtic tribes), ''Lougeon'' being Strabo's rendition of the local toponym into Greek. cf. Alb ''lag'' "to wet, soak, bathe, wash" (< PA *''lauga''), ''lëgatë'' "pool" (< PA *''leugatā''), ''lakshte'' "dew" (< PA *''laugista''); further akin to Lith ''liűgas'' "marsh", Old Ch Slav ''luža'' "pool", Thrac ''Lýginos'' "river name"<ref>Strabo 7.43, "élos loúgeon kaloúmenon"</ref>
*stagnus ''Morsianus'' "marshlands in Pannonia": IE *merĝ; cf. Middle High Germ ''murc'' "rotten, withered, boggy", Old Ir ''meirc'' "rust", Alb ''marth'' "to shiver, shudder", Lith ''markýti'' "to rust"
*''Naro'': IE *nor; cf. Lith ''nãras'' "diving duck", Russ ''norá'' "hole", Serbo-Croat ''po-nor'' "abyss"
*''Nedinum'': IE *ned; cf. Skt ''nadas'' "roarer"
*''Oseriates'', "lakes"; akin to Old Ch Slav ''ozero'' (Serb-Croat ''jezero''), Latvian ''ezers'', Old Pruss ''assaran'', Gk ''Achérōn'' "river in the underworld"
*''Pelso'' (Latin authors referred to modern [[Lake Balaton]] as "''lacus Pelso''", ''Pelso'' being a hydronym from the local inhabitants), ''Pelso'' apparently meant "deep" or "shallow": IE ''*pels-''; cf. Czech ''pleso'' "deep place in a river, lake", Welsh ''bwlch'' "crack", Arm ''pelem'' "to dig"
*''Tergitio'', "merchant"; cf. Old Ch Slav ''trĭgĭ'' (Serbo-Croat ''trg'') "market", Old Russ ''tŭrgŭ'' "market", Latv ''tirgus''<ref>This group is considered to be cognate with the Italian city name of Trieste; Alb ''treg'' "market" might be a borrowing from South Slavic.</ref>
*''Teuta'', ''Teutana'': IE *teuta- "people"; cf. Lith ''tauta'' "people", Germ ''Deutsch'' "German", Old Eng ''theod'' "people", Old Ir ''túath'' "clan", Umbrian ''tota'' "people", Oscan ''touto'' "city", Hitt ''tuzzi'' "army"
*''Tómaros'', Tomorr mountain; cf. Old Ir ''temel'' "darkness", Middle Ir ''teimen'' "dark grey", Old High Germ ''demar'' "darkness", ''dinstar'' "dark", Lat ''tenebrae'' "darkness", ''temere'' "by chance, rashly", Skt ''tamas'' "darkness", ''tamsrah'' "dark", Old Ch Slav ''tima'' "darkness"
*''Ulcisus'' mons, ''Ulcinium'' (city), ''Ulcisia'' castra; cf. Eng ''wolf'', Old Alb ''ulk'', Alb ''ujk'', Avestan ''vəhrkō'', Farsi ''gurg'', Skt ''vṛkas'', Old Ch Slav ''vlŭkŭ'', Russ ''volcica'', Lith ''vil~kas'', Lat ''lupus'', Gk ''lýkos''
*''Volcos'', river name in Pannonia; cf. Old Ir ''folc'' "heavy rain, wet weather", Welsh ''golchi'' "to wash", obsolete Eng ''welkin'' "cloud", Old High Germ ''welk'' "moist", Old Ch Slav ''vlaga'' "moisture, plant juice", ''vŭlgŭkŭ'' "wet"
===Illyrian anthroponyms===
The following [[anthroponyms]] derive from Illyrian or are not yet connected with another language unless noted, such as the Delmatae names of [[Liburnian language|Liburnian]] origin. Alföldy identified five principal onomastic provinces within the Illyrian area: 1) the "real" Illyrians south of the river [[Neretva]] in [[Dalmatia]] and extending south to [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]]; 2) the [[Delmatae]], who occupied the middle Adriatic coast between the "real Illyrians" to the south and the [[Liburni]] to the north; 3) the [[Liburni]], a branch of [[Venetic language|Venetic]] in the northeast Adriatic; 4) the [[Iapodes]], who dwelt north of the Delmatae and behind (inland from) the coastal Liburnians; 5) the [[Pannoni]]ans in the northern lands, and in Bosnia, northern Montenegro and Western Serbia. [[Radoslav Katičić|Katičić]] (1964) does not recognize a separate Pannonian onomastic area, and includes the Pannoni with the Delmatae. Below, names from four of Alföldy's five onomastic areas are listed, [[Liburnian language|Liburnian]] excluded, having been identified as being akin to [[Venetic language|Venetic]]. A [[Dardania]]n area is also detailed. <ref>Wilkes (1992): "Thus it seems generally agreed that the name of the Illyrian queen Teuta of the third century BC derives from ''teutana'', which means `queen'." (p. 72)</ref><ref>Wilkes (1992): "The names Daza, Dasius and Dazomenus have been connected with Das- menus in Pannonia and Dazos in southern Italy. The meaning of these plausible correspondences is hard to determine: neither the internal links between the three principal Illyrian onomastic provinces nor those between ..." (p. 71)
== Kentum apo Satem ==
Në të gjitha këto raste të mbështetësit e karakterit kentum e konsiderojnë gjuhën ilire PIE k * ^> / * k / ose PIE* ^ g> / * g / pasuar nga një / l / apo / r / të jetë dëshmi e një karakteri kentum të gjuhës ilire. Megjithatë, ngjan se edhe në gjuhën shqipe dhe Balto-sllave të cilat janë gjuhë Satem, në këtë pozicionin fonetik e palatovelaret janë përgjithësisht depalatizuar (depalatizimi i PIE k * ^> * k dhe g * ^> * g para / r / dhe / l / veçanërisht në shqipe).
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