Pierre-Louis Guinand

Pierre-Louis Guinand
Pierre-Louis Guinand
	Litografi nga Étienne-Ovide Domon (1844)
U lind në	Not recognized as a date. Years must have 4 digits (use leading zeros for years < 1000).; La Sagne, Kantoni Neuchâtel
Vdiq	Stampa:D-da; Les Brenets, Kantoni i Nëshatelit
Bashkëshorti/ja	Élisabeth Bourquin (née Jacot) (m. 1770; died 1771); Marie-Madelaine Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel (m. 1771; died 1781); Marie-Anne Masson (née Jeannot) (m. 1783; div. 1798); Rosalie Bouverat (m. 1806);
	Karriera shkencore
Fushat	Marangoz; orëbërës; optikan;

Pierre-Louis Guinand (1748-1824) ishte një prodhues zviceran i lenteve. ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[9] ^[10] ^[11] i cili në fund të viteve 1700 erdhi me një zbulim të madh për prodhimin e xhamit më cilësor dhe më të madh, dhe me kalimin e kohës vazhdoi të mësonte një Fraunhofer të ri në fabrikën e qelqit të Jozef von Ucshnajderit (1763-1840 ^[12] ) dhe përfundimisht filloi punimet e tij të xhamit optik. . ^[13] Guinand do të furnizonte xhami për teleskopët e Observatorit të Parisit dhe gjithashtu atij Cauchoix. ^[13] Ai ishte një pionier në prodhimin e xhamit optik për mikroskopët, teleskopët, syzet dhe instrumentet e tjera optike.

^ "The precursors: Pierre-Louis Guinand". Swiss Camera Museum. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ King (1979), pp. 176–9.
^ D. P (1925). "Le Centaire de Pierre-Louis Guinand". L'Astronomie. Astrophysics Data System. 39: 177. Bibcode:1925LAstr..39..177D. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ "MEMOIR OF THE LATE M. GUINAND". Mechanics Magazine. 3. 1824–1825. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Johnson, Kevin L. (7 shkurt 2002). Bingham, Richard G; Walker, David D (red.). "Historical challenge of large lenses". Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Large Lenses and Prisms. 4411: 147. Bibcode:2002SPIE.4411..147J. doi:10.1117/12.454883. SPIE Proceedings (Large Lenses and Prisms - London, United Kingdom Tuesday 27 March 2001) {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Rastogi, Pramod K. (1 korrik 1995). "Guest Editorial: Special Section on Optics in Switzerland, Part 1: Federal Institutes of Technology". Optical Engineering. 34 (7): 1863. doi:10.1117/12.214186. One of the first Swiss known to have endeavored in optics production, Pierre-Louis Guinand (1748—1824) was an amateur telescope maker. He was born in La Sagne in the state of Neuchâtel. As good quality flint glass was difficult to obtain at the time, Guinand put himself to the task of producing it. After painstaking searches and trials, he succeeded in producing flawless flint glass of large dimensions. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ Reynier, Édouard (1824). "Notice sur feu M. Guinand, opticien". Bibliothèque Universelle des Sciences, Belles Lettres, et Arts (në frëngjisht). Geneva, Paris: Bibliotheque Universelle. 25 (9): 142–158, 227–236. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021.
^ "Golden Era of Refractors". A Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology. Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. Between 1784 and 1790, Pierre Louis Guinand, a Swiss craftsman, taught himself the basic skills of glassmaking and began to experiment with optical glass. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ "Guinand l'Opticien (1748 - 1824) aux Brenets: Exposition Guinand l'Opticien - Les Brenets". FPSI - Fédération du Patrimoine Scientifique et Industriel. 9 maj 2016. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 9 maj 2016. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ "Optical glass". Conservation and Art Materials Encyclopedia Online. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ "the lens". The Craig Telescope. Society for the History of Astronomy. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. Methods of making large disks of flint glass were discovered in the late 18th century by Pierre Louis Guinand (1748–1824), a Swiss optician, who became associated with the German optician and physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)
^ "Utzschneider und Fraunhofer". Science Museum Group Collection (në anglisht). Marrë më 12 nëntor 2023.
^ ^a ^b King, Henry C. (2003-01-01). The History of the Telescope (në anglisht). Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486432656.

[1] "The precursors: Pierre-Louis Guinand". Swiss Camera Museum. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[2] King (1979), pp. 176–9.

[3] D. P (1925). "Le Centaire de Pierre-Louis Guinand". L'Astronomie. Astrophysics Data System. 39: 177. Bibcode:1925LAstr..39..177D. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Mechanics-Magazine-v3-4] "MEMOIR OF THE LATE M. GUINAND". Mechanics Magazine. 3. 1824–1825. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[5] Johnson, Kevin L. (7 shkurt 2002). Bingham, Richard G; Walker, David D (red.). "Historical challenge of large lenses". Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Large Lenses and Prisms. 4411: 147. Bibcode:2002SPIE.4411..147J. doi:10.1117/12.454883. SPIE Proceedings (Large Lenses and Prisms - London, United Kingdom Tuesday 27 March 2001) {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Optical-Engr-34-7-1863-6] Rastogi, Pramod K. (1 korrik 1995). "Guest Editorial: Special Section on Optics in Switzerland, Part 1: Federal Institutes of Technology". Optical Engineering. 34 (7): 1863. doi:10.1117/12.214186. One of the first Swiss known to have endeavored in optics production, Pierre-Louis Guinand (1748—1824) was an amateur telescope maker. He was born in La Sagne in the state of Neuchâtel. As good quality flint glass was difficult to obtain at the time, Guinand put himself to the task of producing it. After painstaking searches and trials, he succeeded in producing flawless flint glass of large dimensions. {{cite journal}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[Bibliotheque-Universelle-1824-7] Reynier, Édouard (1824). "Notice sur feu M. Guinand, opticien". Bibliothèque Universelle des Sciences, Belles Lettres, et Arts (në frëngjisht). Geneva, Paris: Bibliotheque Universelle. 25 (9): 142–158, 227–236. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021.

[history.aip-refractors-8] "Golden Era of Refractors". A Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology. Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. Between 1784 and 1790, Pierre Louis Guinand, a Swiss craftsman, taught himself the basic skills of glassmaking and began to experiment with optical glass. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[fpsi.ch-brenets-9] "Guinand l'Opticien (1748 - 1824) aux Brenets: Exposition Guinand l'Opticien - Les Brenets". FPSI - Fédération du Patrimoine Scientifique et Industriel. 9 maj 2016. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 9 maj 2016. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[cameo.mfa-Optical_glass-10] "Optical glass". Conservation and Art Materials Encyclopedia Online. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[craig-telescope-11] "the lens". The Craig Telescope. Society for the History of Astronomy. Marrë më 18 dhjetor 2021. Methods of making large disks of flint glass were discovered in the late 18th century by Pierre Louis Guinand (1748–1824), a Swiss optician, who became associated with the German optician and physicist Joseph von Fraunhofer. {{cite web}}: Mungon ose është bosh parametri |language= (Ndihmë!)

[sciencemuseumgroup/cp26931-12] "Utzschneider und Fraunhofer". Science Museum Group Collection (në anglisht). Marrë më 12 nëntor 2023.

[:4-13] King, Henry C. (2003-01-01). The History of the Telescope (në anglisht). Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486432656.

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