Wikipedia

Jehudët

Jehudët (hebraisht: יְהוּדִים, Yehudim) janë një grup etnorefetar[10] dhe njerëz feja tradicionale e të cilëve është Judaizmi[11][12] dhe anëtarët e të cilëve janë pasardhës, nëpërmjet prejardhjes ose konvertimit, të hebrenjve të lashtë[11][13][14] ose izraelitëve.[15][16][17] Etnia, feja dhe komuniteti jehud janë shumë të ndërlidhura,[18][19] pasi Judaizmi është një fe etnike,[20][21] edhe pse respektimi i tij ndryshon nga rreptësisht në asnjë.[22][23] Termi "jehud" mund të përfshijë si individët e lindur në komunitet, por që nuk e praktikojnë fenë në mënyrë aktive, ashtu edhe të konvertuarit në Judaizëm.[24]

Jehudët
יְהוּדִים‬‎ (Yehudim)
Ylli i Davidit, një simbol i përbashkët i popullit jehud
Popullsia e përgjithshme
15.2–19.9 milion

Popullsia e zgjeruar (përfshin prejardhjen e plotë ose të pjesshme jehude):
22.6 milion[1]

(2022, est.)
Rajone me popullsi të konsiderueshme
Izraeli (përfshirë territoret e pushtuara)6,905,000–7,401,000[1]
Shtetet e Bashkuara6,000,000–11,500,000[1]
Franca453,000–600,000[1]
Kanada394,000–550,000[1]
Mbretëria e Bashkuar292,000–370,000[1]
Argjentina175,000–310,000[1]
Rusia150,000–460,000[1]
Gjermania118,000–225,000[1]
Australia118,000–145,000[1]
Brazili92,000–150,000[1]
Afrika Jugore52,000–75,000[1]
Ukraina43,000–140,000[1]
Hungaria47,000–100,000[1]
Meksika40,000–50,000[1]
Holanda30,000–53,000[1]
Belgjika29,000–40,000[1]
Italia27,000–41,000[1]
Zvicra18,000–25,000[1]
Kili16,000–24,000[1]
Uruguaji16,000–24,000[1]
Turqia15,000–21,000[1]
Suedia15,000–25,000[1]
Gjuhët
Fetë
Judaizmi
Grupe etnike të lidhura

Para Luftës së Dytë Botërore, popullsia globale jehude arriti një kulm prej 16.7 milion,,[25] që përfaqësonte rreth 0.7 përqind të popullsisë botërore në atë kohë. Gjatë Luftës së Dytë Botërore, rreth 6 milionë hebrenj në të gjithë Evropën u vranë sistematikisht nga Gjermania Naziste gjatë Holokaustit.[26][27] Që atëherë, popullsia është rritur ngadalë përsëri, dhe që nga viti 2021, u vlerësua të ishte 15.2-19.9 milion nga Berman Jewish DataBank,[1] që përbën më pak se 0.2 për qind të popullsisë totale të botës.[28][note 1] Shteti i sotëm i Izraelit është i vetmi vend ku jehudët përbëjnë shumicën e popullsisë.

Shënime Redakto

  1. ^ Megjithatë, është e vështirë të matet popullsia e saktë e jehudëve në botë. Përveç çështjeve me metodologjinë e regjistrimit, mosmarrëveshjet midis përkrahësve të faktorëve identifikues halakik, laik, politik dhe stërgjyshorë në lidhje me atë se kush është jehud mund të ndikojnë ndjeshëm në figurë në varësi të burimit.[29]

Referime Redakto

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Dashefsky, Arnold; Della-Pergola, Sergio; Sheskin, Ira, red. (2021). World Jewish Population (PDF) (Reportazh) (në anglisht). Berman Jewish DataBank. Marrë më 4 shtator 2023.
  2. ^ "Links" (në anglisht). Beth Hatefutsoth. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 26 mars 2009. Marrë më 2 prill 2012.
  3. ^ Kiaris, Hippokratis (2012). Genes, Polymorphisms and the Making of Societies: How Genetic Behavioral Traits Influence Human Cultures (në anglisht). Universal Publishers. fq. 21. ISBN 978-1-61233-093-8.
  4. ^ a b c Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; Hillel, Jossi; Feldman, Marcus W.; Oefner, Peter J. (shtator 2004). "Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation". Human Mutation (në anglisht). 24 (3): 248–260. doi:10.1002/humu.20077. PMID 15300852. S2CID 1571356.
  5. ^ a b Ridolfo, Jim (2015). Digital Samaritans: Rhetorical Delivery and Engagement in the Digital Humanities (në anglisht). University of Michigan Press. fq. 69. ISBN 978-0-472-07280-4.
  6. ^ Wade, Nicholas (9 qershor 2010). "Studies Show Jews' Genetic Similarity". The New York Times (në anglisht).
  7. ^ Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Weiss, Deborah A.; Weale, Michael; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella; Thomas, Mark G. (dhjetor 2000). "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews". Human Genetics (në anglisht). 107 (6): 630–641. doi:10.1007/s004390000426. PMID 11153918. S2CID 8136092.
  8. ^ a b "Jews Are the Genetic Brothers of Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese" (në anglisht). Sciencedaily.com. 9 maj 2000. Marrë më 12 prill 2013.
  9. ^ Atzmon, Gil; Hao, Li; Pe'er, Itsik; Velez, Christopher; Pearlman, Alexander; Palamara, Pier Francesco; Morrow, Bernice; Friedman, Eitan; Oddoux, Carole; Burns, Edward; Ostrer, Harry (qershor 2010). "Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry". The American Journal of Human Genetics (në anglisht). 86 (6): 850–859. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015. PMC 3032072. PMID 20560205.
  10. ^
  11. ^ a b "Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (në anglisht). Marrë më 2022-08-20. "any person whose religion is Judaism. In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament.
  12. ^ Jew (në anglisht). Cambridge Dictionary. a member of a people whose traditional religion is Judaism
    Jew (në anglisht). Oxford Dictionary. a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who come from the ancient Hebrew people of Israel; a person who believes in and practises Judaism
    Jew (në anglisht). Collins. a person whose religion is Judaism", "a member of the Semitic people who claim descent from the ancient Hebrew people of Israel, are spread throughout the world, and are linked by cultural or religious ties
  13. ^ "Hebrew | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com (në anglisht). Marrë më 2022-08-20.
  14. ^ Cline, Eric H. (2004). Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel (në anglisht). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. fq. 33. ISBN 0-472-11313-5. OCLC 54913803. Few would seriously challenge the belief that most modern Jews are descended from the ancient Hebrews
  15. ^ Raymond P. Scheindlin (1998). A Short History of the Jewish People: From Legendary Times to Modern Statehood (në anglisht). Oxford University Press. fq. 1–. ISBN 978-0-19-513941-9. Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"
  16. ^ Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East (në anglisht). Infobase Publishing. fq. 337–. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. "The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"
  17. ^ Harry Ostrer MD (2012). Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People (në anglisht). Oxford University Press. fq. 26–. ISBN 978-0-19-997638-6.
  18. ^ Eli Lederhendler (2001). Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XVII: Who Owns Judaism? Public Religion and Private Faith in America and Israel (në anglisht). Oxford University Press. fq. 101–. ISBN 978-0-19-534896-5. "Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish peoplehood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law and the study of ancient religious texts"
  19. ^ Tet-Lim N. Yee (2005). Jews, Gentiles and Ethnic Reconciliation: Paul's Jewish identity and Ephesians (në anglisht). Cambridge University Press. fq. 102–. ISBN 978-1-139-44411-8. "This identification in the Jewish attitude between the ethnic group and religious identity is so close that the reception into this religion of members not belonging to its ethnic group has become impossible."
  20. ^ M. Nicholson (2002). International Relations: A Concise Introduction (në anglisht). NYU Press. fq. 19–. ISBN 978-0-8147-5822-9. "The Jews are a nation and were so before there was a Jewish state of Israel"
  21. ^ Alan Dowty (1998). The Jewish State: A Century Later, Updated With a New Preface (në anglisht). University of California Press. fq. 3–. ISBN 978-0-520-92706-3. "Jews are a people, a nation (in the original sense of the word), an ethnos"
  22. ^ Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea (1997). Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997] (në anglisht). Transaction Publishers. fq. 90–. ISBN 978-1-4128-2689-1. "A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"
  23. ^ "A Portrait of Jewish Americans". Pew Research Center (në anglisht). 1 tetor 2013. But the survey also suggests that Jewish identity is changing in America, where one-in-five Jews (22%) now describe themselves as having no religion.{{cite web}}: Mirëmbajtja CS1: Datë e përkthyer automatikisht (lidhja)
  24. ^ Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea (1997). Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997] (në anglisht). Transaction Publishers. fq. 90–. ISBN 978-1-4128-2689-1. "A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew"
  25. ^ "The Jewish Population of the World (2014)". Jewish Virtual Library (në anglisht). Marrë më 30 qershor 2015., based on American Jewish Year Book (në anglisht). American Jewish Committee.
  26. ^ "The Holocaust". HISTORY.com (në anglisht). Marrë më 10 nëntor 2015.
  27. ^ Mitchell, Travis (22 janar 2020). "What Americans Know About the Holocaust". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project (në anglisht). Marrë më 16 janar 2023.
  28. ^ Silverman, Anav (tetor 2012). "Jews make up only 0.2% of mankind". ynetnews (në anglisht).
  29. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (12 shtator 2007). "Jewish Agency: 13.2 million Jews worldwide on eve of Rosh Hashanah, 5768". Haaretz (në anglisht). Arkivuar nga origjinali më 19 mars 2009. Marrë më 24 janar 2009.
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