Kontradiktat e synetisë: Dallime mes rishikimesh

Nga konstrakti, kundërshtarët, veçanërisht të synetisë rutinore, shpesh vënë në dyshim dobinë dhe efektivitetin e tij në parandalimin e sëmundjeve të tilla, <ref name="Hereford1972">{{Cite journal|last=Still|first=Hereford|date=January 1972|title=Circumcision — An Outdated and Unnecessary Procedure?|journal=[[Canadian Family Physician]]|publisher=[[College of Family Physicians of Canada]]|volume=18|issue=1|pages=51–52|pmc=2370328|pmid=20468719}}</ref> <ref name="Wallerstein1985">{{Cite journal|last=Wallerstein|first=Edward|date=February 1985|title=Circumcision: The Uniquely American Medical Enigma|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/|journal=Urologic Clinics of North America|volume=12|issue=1|pages=123–132|pmid=3883617|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Lukong2011">{{Cite journal|last=Lukong|first=C. S.|date=December 2011|title=Circumcision: Controversies and Prospects|journal=Journal of Surgical Technique and Case Report|location=[[Sokoto]]|publisher=[[Usmanu Danfodiyo University|Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital]]|volume=3|issue=2|pages=65–66|doi=10.4103/2006-8808.92795|pmc=3296435|pmid=22413046}}</ref> <ref name="Bodily Integrity">{{Cite book|editor-last=Denniston|editor-first=George C.|date=2006|title=Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision: Culture, Controversy, and Change|url=https://books.google.com/?id=p95uIuiENnsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false|location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|page=|isbn=978-1-4020-4915-6}}</ref> <ref name="AAP Critique 2013">{{Cite journal|last=Aigrain|first=Yves|last2=Barauskas|first2=Vidmantas|last3=Bjarnason|first3=Ragnar|last4=Boddy|first4=Su-Anna|last5=Czauderna|first5=Piotr|last6=de Gier|first6=Robert P.E.|last7=de Jong|first7=Tom P.V.M.|last8=Fasching|first8=Günter|last9=Fetter|first9=Willem|date=April 2013|editor-last=Frisch|editor-first=Morten|title=Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/131/4/796.full|format=PDF|journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]|language=en|publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]]|volume=131|issue=4|pages=796–800|doi=10.1542/peds.2012-2896|pmid=23509170|access-date=4 January 2020|via=}}</ref> <ref name="aktuelle urol">{{Cite journal|last=Stehr|first=Maximilian|last2=Winters|first2=Anna|date=September 2013|title=Preventive circumcision: European doctors doubt AAP report|journal=Aktuelle Urologie|language=de|location=[[Stuttgart]]|publisher=[[Thieme Medical Publishers]]|volume=44|issue=5|pages=337–338|doi=10.1055/s-0033-1356849|pmid=24043524}}</ref> dhe objekt i nënshtrimit të meshkujve të porsalindur, pa pëlqimin e tyre, <ref name="Hutson2004">{{Cite journal|last=Hutson|first=J. M.|date=June 2004|title=Circumcision: a surgeon's perspective|journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]]|publisher=[[BMJ (company)|BMJ Group]]|volume=30|issue=3|pages=238–40|doi=10.1136/jme.2002.001313|pmc=1733864|pmid=15173354}}</ref> në një procedurë për të cilën ata konsiderojnë se kanë përfitime të dyshimta dhe jo-thelbësore, rreziqe domethënëse dhe një ndikim potencialisht negativ mbi shëndetin e përgjithshëm dhe kënaqësinë e mëvonshme seksuale. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Warren|first=John|editor-last=Denniston|editor-first=George C.|title=Genital Autonomy: Protecting Personal Choice|pages=75–79|date=2010|chapter=Physical Effects of Circumcision|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wYabLqzbFEC&pg=PA75|location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9446-9_7|isbn=978-90-481-9446-9|year=2010|language=en}}</ref>

Sipas rrëfimeve Rabbinical, ai shkatërroi Tempullin e Dytë të [[Jeruzalemi|Jeruzalemit]] duke vendosur një statujë të [[Zeusi|Zeusit]] Olimpik në altarin e Tempullit; <ref name="Ginzberg">{{Cito web|last=Ginzberg|first=Louis|authorlink=Louis Ginzberg|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/353-abomination-of-desolation|title=Abomination of Desolation|publisher=[[Kopelman Foundation]]|date=1906|accessdate=4 January 2020|language=en}}</ref> ky incident raportohet gjithashtu nga ''Libri'' [[Bibla|biblik]] ''i Danielit'', ku autori i referohet statujës së perëndisë Greke brenda Tempullit si " neveri e shkretimit ". Dekretet e Antiokusit dhe gjallërimi i Judaizmit motivuan Revolucionin e Makabenjve ; <ref name="Kasher">{{Cite book|last=Kasher|first=Aryeh|date=1990|title=Jews and Hellenistic cities in Eretz-Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic cities during the Second Temple Period (332 BCE - 70 CE)|chapter=2: The Early Hasmonean Era|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNfZ4OjH_ukC&pg=PA55|location=[[Tübingen]]|publisher=[[Mohr Siebeck]]|pages=55–65|series=Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum|volume=21|isbn=978-3-16-145241-3|authorlink=Aryeh Kasher|year=1990|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Slate">{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2005/12/the_maccabees_and_the_hellenists.html|title=The Maccabees and the Hellenists: Hanukkah as Jewish civil war.|last=Ponet|first=James|date=22 December 2005|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=4 January 2020|location=|language=en}}</ref> Makabenjeve reaguan me dhunë kundër helenizimit të detyruar të Judesë, shkatërruan altarët paganë nëpër fshatra,u bënë synet djem dhe i detyruan hebrenjtë e helenizuar të dilnin jashtë ligjit. Revolta përfundoi në rivendosjen e një mbretërie të pavarur jetëshkurtër nën Hasmoneans, derisa u shndërrua në një shtet klient të [[Republika Romake|Republikës Romake]] nën mbretërimin e Herodit të Madh (37 – 4 pes) .

Kultura klasike, helenistike dhe romake gjetën që synetia të ishte mizore dhe refuzuese. <ref name="Hodges2001">{{Cite journal|last=Hodges|first=Frederick M.|year=2001|title=The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/|format=PDF|journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine|The Bulletin of the History of Medicine]]|location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]]|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|volume=75|issue=Fall 2001|pages=375–405|doi=10.1353/bhm.2001.0119|pmid=11568485|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Neusner">{{Cite book|title=Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies|year=1993|page=149|last=Neusner, Jacob|authorlink=Jacob Neusner|publisher=[[Scholars Press]]|quote=Circumcised [[barbarians]], along with any others who revealed the ''glans penis'', were the butt of ribald [[Roman jokes|humor]]. For [[Ancient Greek art|Greek art]] portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as ''[[epispasm]]'', that was aimed at elongation.}}</ref> <ref name="Rubin">{{Cite journal|last=Rubin|first=Jody P.|date=July 1980|title=Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/rubin/|journal=[[Urology (journal)|Urology]]|language=en|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|volume=16|issue=1|pages=121–4|doi=10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4|pmid=6994325|access-date=4 January 2020|via=}}</ref> <ref name="Fredriksen">{{Cite book|last=Fredriksen|first=Paula|authorlink=Paula Fredriksen|date=2018|title=When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|pages=10–11|isbn=978-0-300-19051-9|year=2018|language=en}}</ref> Në [[Perandoria Romake|Perandorinë Romake]], synetia vlerësohej si një zakon barbar dhe i pështirë. Konsulli Titus Flavius Clemens u dënua me vdekje nga ana e Senatit romak në 95 të es për, sipas [[Talmud|Talmudit]], duke e bëri synet veten dhe duke u shëndrruar në Judaizëm. Perandori Hadrian (117 – 138) ndaloi synetinë.<ref name="Schäfer2003">{{Cite book|last=Schäfer|first=Peter|authorlink=Peter Schäfer|title=The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0aBAgAAQBAJ|year=2003|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=1-134-40316-X|pages=145–146|location=|language=en}}</ref> Në përgjithësi, riti i synetisë ishte veçanërisht i ekzekutueshëm në qytetërimin klasik, gjithashtu sepse ishte zakon të kalonte një orë në ditë ose të ushtrohej nudo në ''gjimnaz'' dhe në banjot romake, prandaj burrat hebrenj nuk donin të shihen në publik të privuar nga lafshat e tyre.<ref name="JewishEncyclopedia">{{Cito web|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4391-circumcision#anchor4|title=Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature|last=Kohler|first=Kaufmann|authorlink=Kaufmann Kohler|publisher=[[Kopelman Foundation]]|website=[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]|date=1906|accessdate=4 January 2020|quote=Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena [which involved [[nudity]]], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by [[epispasm]] ("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.}}</ref>