Euforia
- "Euforike" përcjellohet këtu. Për përdorime të tjera, shiko Euforike (kthjellim).
Euforia (eu-FOR-i-a) është përvoja (ose ndikimi) i kënaqësisë ose eksitimit dhe ndjenjave intensive të mirëqenies dhe lumturisë. [1] [2] Disa shpërblime natyrore dhe aktivitete shoqërore, të tilla si ushtrimet aerobike, e qeshura, dëgjimi ose bërja e muzikës dhe kërcimi, mund të shkaktojnë një gjendje euforie. [3] [4] Euforia është gjithashtu një simptomë e disa çrregullimeve neurologjike ose neuropsikiatrike, të tilla si mania. [5] Dashuria romantike dhe komponentët e ciklit të reagimit seksual të njeriut shoqërohen gjithashtu me nxitjen e euforisë. [6] [7] [8] Disa droga, shumë prej të cilave shkaktojnë varësi, mund të shkaktojnë eufori, e cila të paktën pjesërisht motivon përdorimin e tyre rekreativ. [9]
Pikat e nxehta hedonike - dmth, qendrat e kënaqësisë së trurit – janë të lidhura funksionalisht. Aktivizimi i një hotspot rezulton në rekrutimin e të tjerëve. Frenimi i një pike të nxehtë rezulton në zbehjen e efekteve të aktivizimit të një pike tjetër të nxehtë. [10] [11] Prandaj, aktivizimi i njëkohshëm i çdo pike hedonike brenda sistemit të shpërblimit besohet të jetë i nevojshëm për të gjeneruar ndjesinë e një euforie intensive. [12]
Historia
RedaktoFjala "euforia" rrjedh nga termat grekë të lashtë εὐφορία: εὖ eu që do të thotë "pus" dhe φέρω pherō që do të thotë "të mbaj". [13] [14] Semantikisht është e kundërt me disforinë.
Një fjalor anglez i vitit 1706 e përkufizon euforinë si "përmbajtja e mirë e funksionimit të një ilaçi, dmth, kur pacienti e gjen veten të lehtësuar ose të lehtësuar prej tij". [15]
Gjatë viteve 1860, mjeku anglez Thomas Laycock e përshkroi euforinë si ndjenjën e mirëqenies trupore dhe shpresës; ai vuri në dukje paraqitjen e tij të gabuar në fazën përfundimtare të disa sëmundjeve terminale dhe ia atribuoi një eufori të tillë mosfunksionimit neurologjik. [16] Monografia e Sigmund Freud e vitit 1884 Über Coca përshkroi konsumin (e tij) të kokainës duke prodhuar "euforinë normale të një personi të shëndoshë", [17] ndërsa rreth vitit 1890 neuropsikiatri gjerman Carl Wernicke ligjëroi rreth "euforisë anormale" në pacientët me mani. [18]
Një artikull i vitit 1903 në The Boston Daily Globe i referohet euforisë si "eksitim i këndshëm" dhe "ndjenja e lehtësisë dhe mirëqenies". Në vitin 1920, revista Popular Science e përshkroi euforinë si "një emër me zë të lartë" që do të thotë "të ndihesh i përshtatshëm": normalisht ta bësh jetën me vlerë, duke motivuar përdorimin e drogës dhe sëmundje të formuara në disa sëmundje mendore. Libri shkollor i Robert S. Woodworth i vitit 1921 Psikologjia: Një studim i jetës mendore, e përshkruan euforinë si një gjendje organike e cila është e kundërta e lodhjes dhe "do të thotë pothuajse njësoj si të ndihesh mirë".
Në vitin 1940, The Journal of Psychology e përkufizoi euforinë si një "gjendje të mirëqenies së përgjithshme ... dhe ndjenjës së tonifikuar këndshëm". [19] Një dekadë më vonë, duke gjetur ndjenjat e zakonshme të mirëqenies të vështira për t'u vlerësuar, studiuesi amerikan i varësisë, Harris Isbell e ripërcaktoi euforinë si ndryshime të sjelljes dhe shenja objektive tipike të morfinës. [20] Megjithatë, në vitin 1957, farmakologu britanik DA Cahal nuk e konsideroi euforinë opioidale si të padëshirueshme nga pikëpamja mjekësore, por një efekt që "rrison vlerën e një analgjezik të madh". [21] Edicioni i vitit 1977 i A Encyclopaedia Concise of Psychiatry e quajti euforinë "një humor kënaqësie dhe mirëqenieje", me shoqata patologjike kur përdoret në një kontekst psikiatrik. Si shenjë e sëmundjes cerebrale, ajo u përshkrua si e butë dhe jashtë kontekstit, duke përfaqësuar një paaftësi për të përjetuar emocione negative . [22]
Në shekullin e 21-të, euforia përgjithësisht përkufizohet si një gjendje e lumturisë së madhe, mirëqenies dhe eksitimit, e cila mund të jetë normale, ose jonormale dhe e papërshtatshme kur shoqërohet me droga psikoaktive, gjendje maniake ose sëmundje ose lëndim të trurit. [23]
Neuropsikologji
RedaktoPikat e nxehta hedonike janë substrate/struktura nervore të ndërlidhura funksionalisht që (në mënyrë të brendshme ose të jashtme) gjenerojnë ndjenjat e kënaqësisë. Aktivizimi i një pike hedonike përfshin stimulimin e të tjerëve. Frenimi i një pike hedonike zbeh aktivizimin e të tjerave. [10] [11] Prandaj, aktivizimi i njëkohshëm i çdo pike hedonike brenda sistemit të shpërblimit është ndoshta i nevojshëm për të gjeneruar ndjesinë e euforisë. [12]
Llojet
RedaktoShumë lloje të ndryshme stimujsh mund të shkaktojnë eufori, duke përfshirë drogat psikoaktive, shpërblimet natyrore dhe aktivitetet sociale. [1] [24] [4] [5] Çrregullimet afektive si mania unipolare ose çrregullimi bipolar mund të përfshijnë euforinë si simptomë. [5]
E nxitur nga muzika
RedaktoEuforia mund të ndodhë si rezultat i vallëzimit me muzikë, bërjes së muzikës dhe dëgjimit të muzikës që zgjon emocionalisht. [4] [25] [26] Studimet e neuroimazhimit kanë treguar se sistemi i shpërblimit luan një rol qendror në ndërmjetësimin e kënaqësisë së shkaktuar nga muzika. [26] [27] Muzika e këndshme që zgjon emocionalisht rrit fuqishëm neurotransmetimin e dopaminës në rrugët dopaminergjike që projektohen në striatum (dmth. shtegu mesolimbike dhe shtegu nigrostriatal). [25] [26] [27] Përafërsisht 5% e popullsisë përjeton një fenomen të quajtur "anhedonia muzikore", në të cilën individët nuk përjetojnë kënaqësi nga dëgjimi i muzikës që zgjon emocionalisht, pavarësisht se kanë aftësinë për të perceptuar emocionin e synuar që përcillet në pasazhe muzikore. [27]
Një studim klinik nga janari 2019 që vlerësoi efektin e një prekursori të dopaminës (levodopa ), antagonistit të dopaminës (risperidone) dhe një placebo në përgjigjet e shpërblimit ndaj muzikës – duke përfshirë shkallën e kënaqësisë së përjetuar gjatë të dridhurave muzikore, e matur nga ndryshimet në aktivitetin elektrodermal si dhe vlerësimet subjektive – zbuloi se manipulimi i neurotransmetimit të dopaminës rregullon në mënyrë të dyanshme njohjen e kënaqësisë (veçanërisht, ndikimin hedonik të muzikës) te subjektet njerëzore. [28] [29] Ky studim sugjeron që rritja e neurotransmetimit të dopaminës vepron si një kusht sine qua non për reagime të këndshme hedonike ndaj muzikës tek njerëzit. [28] [29]
E nxitur nga seksi
RedaktoFazat e ndryshme të bashkimit mund të përshkruhen gjithashtu si nxitëse euforie tek disa njerëz. Analistë të ndryshëm e kanë cilësuar ose të gjithë aktin seksual, momentet që çojnë në orgazmë, ose vetë orgazmën si kulmin e kënaqësisë apo euforisë njerëzore. [30]
E shkaktuar nga droga
RedaktoNjë euforiant është një lloj droge psikoaktive që tenton të shkaktojë eufori. [32] Shumica e euforiantëve janë droga të varura për shkak të vetive të tyre përforcuese dhe aftësisë për të aktivizuar sistemin e shpërblimit të trurit. [5]
Psikodelikët
RedaktoDrogat tradicionale psikodelike, të tilla si LSD dhe psilocybin janë të afta të nxisin eufori pavarësisht mungesës së cilësive të varësisë. Anketa Globale e Drogës ka zbuluar se nga 22,000 raportet e pjesëmarrësve, MDMA, LSD dhe kërpudhat psilocybin u renditën më pozitivisht në Indeksin Neto të Kënaqësisë së të gjitha barnave rekreative të përfshira në studim. [33]
Stimuluesit
RedaktoStimuluesit dopaminergjikë si amfetamina, metamfetamina, kokaina, MDMA dhe metilfenidati janë euforiant. [1] [5] Nikotina është një stimulues parasimpatik që vepron si një euforiant i butë në disa njerëz. [5] Ksantinat si kafeina dhe teobromina mund të konsiderohen gjithashtu euforiantë të butë nga disa.
Përtypja e arrës areca (fara nga palma Areca catechu) me gëlqere të shuar (hidroksid kalciumi) – një praktikë e zakonshme në Azinë Juglindore dhe Juglindore – prodhon efekte stimuluese dhe eufori. [34] [35] [36] Përbërësit kryesorë psikoaktivë - arekolina (një agonist i pjesshëm i receptorit muskarinik) [35] [37] dhe arekaidina (një frenues i rimarrjes së GABA ) [38] [39] - janë përgjegjës për efektin euforik. [40] [41]
Depresivët
RedaktoDisa depresantë mund të prodhojnë eufori; disa nga ato barna në këtë klasë përfshijnë alkoolin në doza të moderuara, [42] [43] γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), [1] [44] dhe ketaminë. [1]
Disa barbiturate dhe benzodiazepina mund të shkaktojnë eufori. Efektet euforiante përcaktohen nga shpejtësia e fillimit të barit, [45] rritja e dozës [46] dhe me administrimin intravenoz. [47] Barbituratet që kanë më shumë gjasa të shkaktojnë eufori përfshijnë amobarbital, secobarbital dhe pentobarbital. [48] [49] Benzodiazepinat që kanë më shumë gjasa të shkaktojnë eufori janë flunitrazepam, alprazolam dhe clonazepam. [45] [50] [51] Benzodiazepinat gjithashtu priren të rrisin euforinë e shkaktuar nga opioidet. [52]
Pregabalin shkakton eufori të varur nga doza. [53] [54] Euforia, e ndodhur në një përqindje të vogël të individëve në dozat e rekomanduara, është gjithnjë e më e shpeshtë në doza mbiterapeutike (ose me administrim intravenoz ose nazal). [55] [54] [53] Në doza pesë herë më të larta se maksimumi i rekomanduar, raportohet eufori intensive. [53] Një tjetër analog GABA, gabapentina, mund të shkaktojë eufori. [56] Karakterizohet si opioid, por më pak intensiv, mund të ndodhë në doza supraterapeutike ose në kombinim me barna të tjera, si opioidet ose alkooli. [56] Etosuksimidi dhe perampaneli gjithashtu mund të shkaktojnë eufori në doza terapeutike. [57] [58]
Opioidet
RedaktoAgonistët μ-receptor opioid janë një grup euforiantësh [5] që përfshijnë droga të tilla si heroina, morfina, kodeina, oksikodoni dhe fentanili. Në të kundërt, agonistët e receptorit κ-opioid, si neuropeptidi endogjen dynorfina, dihet se shkaktojnë disfori, [5] një gjendje humori e kundërt me euforinë që përfshin ndjenjat e pakënaqësisë së thellë.
Agonistët e receptorit kanabinoid 1 janë një grup euforiantësh që përfshin kanabinoidë të caktuar me bazë bimore (p.sh. THC nga bima e kanabisit), kanabinoidë endogjenë (p.sh., anandamide) dhe kanabinoidë sintetikë. [5]
Inhalantët
RedaktoDisa gazra, si oksidi i azotit (N2O, i njohur si "gaz gazmor"/"tullumbace me azot"), mund të shkaktojnë eufori kur thithen. [5] [59]
Glukokortikoidet
RedaktoDihet se administrimi akut ekzogjen i glukokortikoideve shkakton eufori, por ky efekt nuk vërehet me ekspozim afatgjatë. [5]
E nxitur nga agjërimi
RedaktoAgjërimi është shoqëruar me përmirësim të humorit, mirëqenies dhe ndonjëherë me eufori. Janë propozuar mekanizma të ndryshëm dhe janë konsideruar aplikime të mundshme në trajtimin e depresionit. [60]
Neuropsikiatrike
RedaktoMania
RedaktoEuforia është gjithashtu e lidhur fort me hipomaninë dhe maninë, gjendje mendore të karakterizuara nga një rritje patologjike e humorit, e cila mund të jetë ose euforike ose nervoze, përveç simptomave të tjera, të tilla si fjalimi i presionit, fluturimi i ideve dhe madhështia. [61] [62]
Megjithëse hipomania dhe mania janë sindroma me etiologji të shumëfishta (domethënë ato që mund të lindin nga çdo numër kushtesh), ato më së shpeshti shihen në çrregullimin bipolar, një sëmundje psikiatrike e karakterizuar nga periudha të alternuara të manisë dhe depresionit. [61] [62]
Epilepsia
RedaktoEuforia mund të ndodhë gjatë aurave të krizave [63] [64] me origjinë tipike në lobin temporal, por që prek korteksin e përparmë izolues. Kjo eufori është simptomatike e një sindromi të rrallë të quajtur kriza ekstatike, [65] [66] që shpesh përfshin edhe përvoja mistike. [67] Euforia (ose më shpesh disforia) mund të ndodhë edhe në periudhat midis krizave epileptike. Kjo gjendje, çrregullim disforik interiktal, konsiderohet një çrregullim afektiv atipik. [68] [69] Personat që përjetojnë ndjenja depresioni ose ankthi midis ose para krizave herë pas here përjetojnë eufori më pas. [70]
Migrenë
RedaktoDisa persona përjetojnë eufori në prodromin – orë deri në ditë para fillimit – të një dhimbje koke migrene. [71] [72] [73] Në mënyrë të ngjashme, një gjendje euforike shfaqet tek disa persona pas episodit të migrenës. [71] [73]
Sklerozë të shumëfishtë
RedaktoEuforia ndonjëherë shfaqet tek personat me sklerozë të shumëfishtë ndërsa sëmundja përparon. Kjo eufori është pjesë e një sindromi të quajtur fillimisht euphoria sclerotica, e cila zakonisht përfshin dezinhibimin dhe simptoma të tjera të mosfunksionimit kognitiv dhe të sjelljes. [74] [75]
Euforia gjinore
RedaktoEuforia gjinore është kënaqësi ose kënaqësi e ndjerë nga një person për shkak të konsistencës midis identitetit të tyre gjinor dhe veçorive gjinore të lidhura me një gjini të ndryshme nga seksi që i është caktuar në lindje. Konsiderohet si homologu pozitiv i disforisë gjinore. [76] Euforitë e lidhura janë regjistruar gjithashtu në studimet e përafrimeve midis identitetit seksual dhe njohjes sociale, si mbështetja në shkolla për personat lezbike dhe gej, dhe përvojat e variacionit ndërseksual dhe diagnozat e tyre si marrja e një diagnoze të hiperplazisë së lindur të veshkave, e cila shpjegon dallimet fizike për shembull. [77]
Shiko gjithashtu
Redakto
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Referime
Redakto- ^ a b c d e Bearn J, O'Brien M (2015). "Chapter Ten - "Addicted to Euphoria": The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse". "Addicted to Euphoria": The History, Clinical Presentation, and Management of Party Drug Misuse. International Review of Neurobiology. Vëll. 120. Academic Press. fq. 205–33. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2015.02.005. ISBN 9780128029787. PMID 26070759.
Eating, drinking, sexual activity and parenting invoke pleasure, an emotion that promotes repetition of these behaviors, are essential for survival. Euphoria, a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness, is an amplification of pleasure, aspired to one's essential biological needs that are satisfied. People use party drugs as a shortcut to euphoria. Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), γ-hydroxybutyric acid, and ketamine fall under the umbrella of the term "party drugs," each with differing neuropharmacological and physiological actions.
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(Ndihmë!); Parametri|work=
është injoruar (Ndihmë!) - ^ Alcaro A, Panksepp J (2011). "The SEEKING mind: primal neuro-affective substrates for appetitive incentive states and their pathological dynamics in addictions and depression". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 35 (9): 1805–1820. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.002. PMID 21396397.
Recent human data have demonstrated that the SEEKING brain circuitry, as predicted, is involved in the emergence of a characteristic appetitive affective state, which may be described as "enthusiastic positive excitement" or "euphoria" (Drevets et al., 2001; Volkow and Swanson, 2003) and that do not resemble any kind of sensory pleasure (Heath, 1996; Panksepp et al., 1985) ... However, in our view, cognitive processes, are only one "slice of the pie", and gamma oscillations may be more globally viewed as the overall emotional–motivational neurodynamics through which the SEEKING disposition is expressed, accompanied by a feeling of excitement/eurphoria (not 'pleasure') that is evolutionarily designed to achieve a diversity of useful outcomes
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ "Key DSM-IV Mental Status Exam Phrases" (Content adapted from "Brain Calipers, 2nd Edition, David J. Robinson, MD".). Gateway Psychiatric Services. Mood and Affect. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 13 nëntor 2013. Marrë më 17 shkurt 2014.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b c Cohen EE, Ejsmond-Frey R, Knight N, Dunbar RI (2010). "Rowers' high: behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds". Biol. Lett. 6 (1): 106–8. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0670. PMC 2817271. PMID 19755532.
This heightened effect from synchronized activity may explain the sense of euphoria experienced during other social activities (such as laughter, music-making and dancing) that are involved in social bonding in humans and possibly other vertebrates.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). Sydor A, Brown RY (red.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (bot. 2nd). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. fq. 191, 350–351, 367–368, 371–375. ISBN 9780071481274.
Changes in appetite and energy may reflect abnormalities in various hypothalamic nuclei. Depressed mood and anhedonia (lack of interest in pleasurable activities) in depressed individuals, and euphoria and increased involvement in goal-directed activities in patients, who experience mania, may reflect opposing abnormalities in the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, or other structures. ... Although short-term administration of glucocorticoids often produces euphoria and increased energy, the impact of long-lasting increases in endogenous glucocorticoids produced during depression can involve complex adaptations such as those that occur in Cushing syndrome (Chapter 10). ... Exposure to addictive chemicals not only produces extreme euphoric states that may initially motivate drug use, but also causes equally extreme adaptations in reinforcement mechanisms and motivated behavior that eventually lead to compulsive use. Accordingly, the evolutionary design of human and animal brains that has helped to promote our survival also has made us vulnerable to addiction.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Georgiadis JR, Kringelbach ML (korrik 2012). "The human sexual response cycle: brain imaging evidence linking sex to other pleasures" (PDF). Prog. Neurobiol. 98 (1): 49–81. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.004. PMID 22609047. Arkivuar (PDF) nga origjinali më 13 gusht 2016. Marrë më 13 nëntor 2016 – nëpërmjet Hedonia.
Strong feelings of pleasure and euphoria, as well as marked alterations in cognitive processing, self-referential thought, and physiological arousal are defining features of sexual consummation, especially during orgasm (Mah and Binik, 2001).
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M (mars 2012). "Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 44 (1): 38–55. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112. PMC 4040958. PMID 22641964.
Early-stage romantic love can induce euphoria, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and is possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. ... Under normal conditions, it is not surprising that sexual activity is physiologically regulated by the reward circuitry of the brain, specifically by dopaminergic pathways (see Figure 1). Moreover, the early stages of a new, romantic relationship can be a powerful and absorbing experience. Individuals in new romantic relationships report feeling euphoric and energetic. They also become emotionally dependent on, desire closeness with, and have highly focused attention on their partner (Reynaud et al. 2010; Young 2009). Human neuroimaging studies have shown that feelings experienced during the early stages of a romantic relationship are associated with neural activations in several reward-system and affect-processing regions of the brain (Young 2009; Aron et al. 2005; Bartels & Zeki 2000; Mashek, Aron & Fisher 2000).
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Jankowiak, William; Paladino, Thomas (2013). "Chapter 1. Desiring Sex, Longing for Love: A Tripartite Conundrum". përmbledhur nga Jankowiak, William R. (red.). Intimacies: Love and Sex Across Cultures (në anglisht). Columbia University Press. fq. 13. ISBN 9780231508766 – nëpërmjet Google Books.
These emotional states may also be manifested behaviorally as "labile psychophysical responses to the loved person, including exhilaration, euphoria, buoyancy, spiritual feelings, increased energy, sleeplessness, loss of appetite, shyness, awkwardness ... in the presence of the loved person" (Fisher 1998:32). The presence of similar neurological mechanisms and brain patterns may account for the ability to readily identify when someone is romantically involved or erotically excited (Fisher 1998:32; Fisher 1995).
- ^ Roache JD (2010). "Role of the Human Laboratory in the Development of Medications for Alcohol and Drug Dependence". përmbledhur nga Johnson BA (red.). Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice (në anglisht). Springer Science & Business Media. fq. 133. ISBN 9781441903389 – nëpërmjet Google Books.
It has been observed that drugs of abuse as diverse as alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, and psychomotor stimulants all share a profile of psychoactive effects characterized as euphoria. It is generally accepted that euphoria is at least a partial explanation why these drugs are abused.
- ^ a b Berridge KC, Kringelbach ML (maj 2015). "Pleasure systems in the brain". Neuron (Review). 86 (3): 646–664. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018. PMC 4425246. PMID 25950633.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b Castro, DC; Berridge, KC (24 tetor 2017). "Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Research article). 114 (43): E9125–E9134. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E9125C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1705753114. PMC 5664503. PMID 29073109.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b Kringelbach ML, Berridge KC (2012). "The Joyful Mind" (PDF). Scientific American. 307 (2): 44–45. Bibcode:2012SciAm.307b..40K. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0812-40. PMID 22844850. Arkivuar (PDF) nga origjinali më 29 mars 2017. Marrë më 17 janar 2017.
So it makes sense that the real pleasure centers in the brain – those directly responsible for generating pleasurable sensations – turn out to lie within some of the structures previously identified as part of the reward circuit. One of these so-called hedonic hotspots lies in a subregion of the nucleus accumbens called the medial shell. A second is found within the ventral pallidum, a deep-seated structure near the base of the forebrain that receives most of its signals from the nucleus accumbens. ...
Stampa:In5On the other hand, intense euphoria is harder to come by than everyday pleasures. The reason may be that strong enhancement of pleasure – like the chemically induced pleasure bump we produced in lab animals – seems to require activation of the entire network at once. Defection of any single component dampens the high.
Stampa:In5Whether the pleasure circuit – and in particular, the ventral pallidum – works the same way in humans is unclear.{{cite journal}}
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Liddell HG, Scott R (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones, with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Perseus – nëpërmjet Tufts University.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Arkivuar nga origjinali më 21 dhjetor 2008. Marrë më 11 maj 2008.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Kersey J, Phillips E (1706). The new world of words: or, Universal English dictionary (në anglisht). London: Printed for J. Phillips. fq. EU.
- ^ Laycock T (4 janar 1862). The Medical Times & Gazette (në anglisht). London: John Churchill. fq. 1.
Not unfrequently, indeed, the appearance of the patient is more diagnostic than his feelings. This is the case in some very grave diseases, in which that portion of the nervous system which subserves to the feeling of bodily well-being,—termed, in psychological phrase, euphoria—is morbidly modified as to function.
• Laycock T (17 maj 1864). The Medical Times & Gazette (në anglisht). London: John Churchill. fq. 500.The morbid hopefulness of phthisis, physiologically termed euphoria, is seen more particularly in this class of patients. I have often called attention to it at the bedside, and shown that it ushers in the last stage. It is really a disease of the nervous system of a low type, a sort of insanity, and is of the worst significance.
- ^ Freud S (1884). Über Coca.
{{cite book}}
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(Ndihmë!), cited in, NIDA Research Monograph #13 Siegel RK (1977). "Chapter VI Cocaine: Recreational Use and Intoxication" (PDF). përmbledhur nga Petersen RC, Stillman RC (red.). NIDA Research Monograph #13. U.S. Government Printing Office. fq. 130.The psychic effect (of cocaine) consists of exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which does not differ in any way from the normal euphoria of a healthy person.... One senses an increase of self-control and feels more vigorous and more capable of work; on the other hand, if one works, one misses the heightening of the mental powers which alcohol, tea, or coffee induce. One is simply normal, and soon finds it difficult to believe that one is under the influence of any drug at all.
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(Ndihmë!)[lidhje e vdekur] - ^ Miller R, Dennison J (2015). "Lecture 31". An Outline of Psychiatry in Clinical Lectures: The Lectures of Carl Wernicke (në anglisht). Springer. fq. 216. ISBN 9783319180519 – nëpërmjet Google books.
[R]ational judgment of actual ability is lost, and a feeling of increased capacity arises, … it induces feelings of happiness, to the point of abnormal euphoria; but here too, assuming that some degree of psychic ability prevails, self-awareness of the change in personality may be enabled—an autopsychic paraesthesia in the above sense. Consequently, the Affective state of abnormal euphoria which determines the clinical picture often shows up as transitions to autopsychic disarray.
- ^ Bousfield WA (1940). "The Relation of the Euphoric Attitude to the Quality of Sleep". The Journal of Psychology. 9 (2): 393–401. doi:10.1080/00223980.1940.9917707.
Euphoria is a term aptly denoting the state of general well being, and while it involves a relatively enduring and pleasantly toned feeling, its psychological significance derives primarily from its being a semi-emotional attitude of considerable determining power.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Keats AS, Beecher HK (1952). "Analgesic activity and toxic effects of acetylmethadol isomers in man". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 105 (2): 210–215. ISSN 0022-3565. PMID 14928223. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 22 shtator 2016. Marrë më 17 shtator 2016.
[Footnote 3] Since matters of some interest hang upon the definition of 'euphoria', direct enquiry of Dr. Isbell brought the following comment (letter of November 1, 1951). 'I think it would be wise to exercise a certain degree of care in our use of the term "euphoria". We use it here in the sense of a train of effects similar to those seen after the administration of morphine. These effects include changes in behavior and objective signs, such as constriction of the pupil, depression of the respiratory rate and volume, drop in rectal temperature, etc. We do not use it in the sense of "feeling of well-being", as this is something that I have been utterly unable to evaluate.' The present authors prefer to limit the definition of euphoria to 'a sense of well-being'.
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(Ndihmë!)
• Isbell H, Vogel VH (1949). "The addiction liability of methadon (amidone, dolophine, 10820) and its use in the treatment of the morphine abstinence syndrome". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 105 (12): 909–914. doi:10.1176/ajp.105.12.909. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 18127077.{{cite journal}}
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• Jaffe JH, Jaffe FK (1989). "4. Historical Perspectives on the Use of Subjective Effects Measures in Assessing the Abuse Potential of Drugs". përmbledhur nga Fischman MW, Mello NK (red.). Testing for Abuse Liability of Drugs in Humans. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph Series. Vëll. 92. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.{{cite book}}
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Cahal DA (1957). "Analgesic activity of dipipanone hydrochloride in student volunteers". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 12 (1): 97–99. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1957.tb01368.x. ISSN 0366-0826. PMC 1509651. PMID 13413158.
Not all of these effects can be regarded as undesirable. Drowsiness, euphoria, sleep, and 'detachment,' for instance, are effects which enhance the value of a major analgesic.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Leigh D, Pare CM, Marks J (1977). A Concise Encyclopaedia of Psychiatry (në anglisht). Springer Science & Business Media. fq. 152. ISBN 9789401159135 – nëpërmjet Google books.
A mood of contentment and wellbeing. Euphoria in psychiatric terms always has a pathological connotation and is often an important early sign of organic cerebral disease. It differs from elation in subtle but important ways. It has no infectious quality and no element of gaiety, for its bland contentment is based on lack of awareness and inability to experience sadness or anxiety rather than on anything positive.
Stampa:In5It may be seen in any condition involving extensive cerebral damage, particularly if the frontal lobes are involved. It occurs sooner or later in senile and arteriosclerotic dementias (q.v.), in disseminated sclerosis and in Huntington's chorea (q.v.) and is often seen also after severe head injury and old-fashioned forms of leucotomy (q.v.). Euphoria is sometimes seen in Addison's disease (q.v.). - ^ "definition of euphoria in English". Oxford Dictionaries. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 28 korrik 2016. Marrë më 16 dhjetor 2016.
a feeling or state of intense excitement and happiness
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(Ndihmë!)
• "definition of euphoria". Dictionary.com. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 29 dhjetor 2016. Marrë më 16 dhjetor 2016.a state of intense happiness and self-confidence
Stampa:In5(psychology) a feeling of happiness, confidence, or well-being sometimes exaggerated in pathological states as mania{{cite web}}
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(Ndihmë!)
• Sadock B, Sadock V (2009). Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (bot. 9th). fq. 411–412, 923.Refers to a persistent and unrealistic sense of well-being, without the increased mental or motor rate of mania.
Stampa:In5Exaggerated feeling of well-being that is inappropriate to real events. Can occur with drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, and alcohol.{{cite book}}
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(Ndihmë!)
• Mosby's Medical Dictionary (bot. 8th). 2009. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 2 korrik 2017. Marrë më 29 dhjetor 2016.1. a feeling or state of well-being or elation.
Stampa:In52. an exaggerated or abnormal sense of physical and emotional well-being not based on reality or truth, disproportionate to its cause, and inappropriate to the situation, as commonly seen in the manic stage of bipolar disorder, some forms of schizophrenia, organic mental disorders, and toxic and drug-induced states{{cite book}}
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Schultz W (2015). "Neuronal reward and decision signals: from theories to data". Physiological Reviews. 95 (3): 853–951. doi:10.1152/physrev.00023.2014. PMC 4491543. PMID 26109341.
The feeling of high that is experienced by sports people during running or swimming, the lust evoked by encountering a ready mating partner, a sexual orgasm, the euphoria reported by drug users, and the parental affection to babies constitute different forms (qualities) rather than degrees of pleasure (quantities).
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b Salimpoor VN, Benovoy M, Larcher K, Dagher A, Zatorre RJ (2011). "Anatomically distinct dopamine release during anticipation and experience of peak emotion to music". Nat. Neurosci. 14 (2): 257–262. doi:10.1038/nn.2726. PMID 21217764.
Music, an abstract stimulus, can arouse feelings of euphoria and craving, similar to tangible rewards that involve the striatal dopaminergic system. ... the caudate was more involved during the anticipation and the nucleus accumbens was more involved during the experience of peak emotional responses to music. ... Notably, the anticipation of an abstract reward can result in dopamine release in an anatomical pathway distinct from that associated with the peak pleasure itself.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b c Mavridis IN (mars 2015). "Music and the nucleus accumbens". Surg Radiol Anat. 37 (2): 121–125. doi:10.1007/s00276-014-1360-0. PMID 25102783.
The functional connectivity between brain regions mediating reward, autonomic and cognitive processing provides insight into understanding why listening to music is one of the most rewarding and pleasurable human experiences. Musical stimuli can significantly increase extracellular DA levels in the NA. NA DA and serotonin were found significantly higher in animals exposed to music. Finally, passive listening to unfamiliar although liked music showed activations in the NA. ... Music can arouse feelings of euphoria and craving, similar to tangible rewards that involve the striatal DAergic system [16]. Reward value for music can be coded by activity levels in the NA, whose functional connectivity with auditory and frontal areas increases as a function of increasing musical reward [19]. ... Listening to pleasant music induces a strong response and significant activation of the VTA-mediated interaction of the NA with the hypothalamus, insula and orbitofrontal cortex [1].
Conclusions
Listening to music strongly modulates activity in a network of mesolimbic structures involved in reward processing including the NA. Music, acting as a positive pleasant emotion, increases NA DAergic activity. Specifically the NA is more involved during the experience of peak emotional responses to music. Reward value of music can be predicted by increased functional connectivity of auditory cortices, amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal regions with the NA. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the NA role in the influence of music in our lives.{{cite journal}}
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b c Zatorre RJ (mars 2015). "Musical pleasure and reward: mechanisms and dysfunction". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1337 (1): 202–211. Bibcode:2015NYASA1337..202Z. doi:10.1111/nyas.12677. PMID 25773636. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 19 tetor 2019. Marrë më 23 shtator 2023.
Most people derive pleasure from music. Neuroimaging studies show that the reward system of the human brain is central to this experience. Specifically, the dorsal and ventral striatum release dopamine when listening to pleasurable music, and activity in these structures also codes the reward value of musical excerpts. Moreover, the striatum interacts with cortical mechanisms involved in perception and valuation of musical stimuli. ... Development of a questionnaire for music reward experiences has allowed the identification of separable factors associated with musical pleasure, described as music-seeking, emotion-evocation, mood regulation, sensorimotor, and social factors. Applying this questionnaire to a large sample uncovered approximately 5% of the population with low sensitivity to musical reward in the absence of generalized anhedonia or depression. Further study of this group revealed that there are individuals who respond normally both behaviorally and psychophysiologically to rewards other than music (e.g., monetary value) but do not experience pleasure from music despite normal music perception ability and preserved ability to identify intended emotions in musical passages.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A (janar 2019). "Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (9): 3793–3798. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3793F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1811878116. PMC 6397525. PMID 30670642.
Listening to pleasurable music is often accompanied by measurable bodily reactions such as goose bumps or shivers down the spine, commonly called "chills" or "frissons." ... Overall, our results straightforwardly revealed that pharmacological interventions bidirectionally modulated the reward responses elicited by music. In particular, we found that risperidone impaired participants' ability to experience musical pleasure, whereas levodopa enhanced it. ... Here, in contrast, studying responses to abstract rewards in human subjects, we show that manipulation of dopaminergic transmission affects both the pleasure (i.e., amount of time reporting chills and emotional arousal measured by EDA) and the motivational components of musical reward (money willing to spend). These findings suggest that dopaminergic signaling is a sine qua non condition not only for motivational responses, as has been shown with primary and secondary rewards, but also for hedonic reactions to music. This result supports recent findings showing that dopamine also mediates the perceived pleasantness attained by other types of abstract rewards (37) and challenges previous findings in animal models on primary rewards, such as food (42, 43).
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(Ndihmë!) Ferreri, Laura; Mas-Herrero, Ernest; Zatorre, Robert J.; Ripollés, Pablo; Gomez-Andres, Alba; Alicart, Helena; Olivé, Guillem; Marco-Pallarés, Josep; Antonijoan, Rosa M.; Valle, Marta; Riba, Jordi; Rodriguez-Fornells, Antoni (24 janar 2019). "Dopamine Modulates Reward Experiences Elicited by Music". Neuroscience News. 116 (9): 3793–3798. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3793F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1811878116. PMC 6397525. PMID 30670642.{{cite journal}}
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ (shkurt 2019). "Musical pleasure and musical emotions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (9): 3364–3366. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3364G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1900369116. PMC 6397567. PMID 30770455.
In a pharmacological study published in PNAS, Ferreri et al. (1) present evidence that enhancing or inhibiting dopamine signaling using levodopa or risperidone modulates the pleasure experienced while listening to music. ... In a final salvo to establish not only the correlational but also the causal implication of dopamine in musical pleasure, the authors have turned to directly manipulating dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, first by applying excitatory and inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation over their participants' left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region known to modulate striatal function (5), and finally, in the current study, by administrating pharmaceutical agents able to alter dopamine synaptic availability (1), both of which influenced perceived pleasure, physiological measures of arousal, and the monetary value assigned to music in the predicted direction. ... While the question of the musical expression of emotion has a long history of investigation, including in PNAS (6), and the 1990s psychophysiological strand of research had already established that musical pleasure could activate the autonomic nervous system (7), the authors' demonstration of the implication of the reward system in musical emotions was taken as inaugural proof that these were veridical emotions whose study has full legitimacy to inform the neurobiology of our everyday cognitive, social, and affective functions (8). Incidentally, this line of work, culminating in the article by Ferreri et al. (1), has plausibly done more to attract research funding for the field of music sciences than any other in this community.
The evidence of Ferreri et al. (1) provides the latest support for a compelling neurobiological model in which musical pleasure arises from the interaction of ancient reward/valuation systems (striatal–limbic–paralimbic) with more phylogenetically advanced perception/predictions systems (temporofrontal).{{cite journal}}
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Goldstein A, Hansteen RW (1977). "Evidence against involvement of endorphins in sexual arousal and orgasm in man". Archives of General Psychiatry. 34 (10): 1179–1180. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1977.01770220061006. PMID 199128.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ "Methamphetamine | InfoFacts | The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)". Arkivuar nga origjinali më 28 shtator 2011. Marrë më 28 shtator 2011.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ "Drug Pleasure Ratings | Global Drug Survey".
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Cox S, Ullah M, Zoellner H (2016). "Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut Use". përmbledhur nga Preedy VR (red.). Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms, Prescription Medications, Caffeine and Areca, Polydrug Misuse, Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions (në anglisht). Academic Press. fq. 791. ISBN 9780128006771.
The areca nut is the fourth most used drug after nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine. The effects are described as pleasurable and generally stimulating, inducing a sense of well-being, euphoria, heightened alertness, a warm sensation throughout the body, and an increased capacity to work.
- ^ a b Garg A, Chaturvedi P, Gupta PC (qershor 2014). "A review of the systemic adverse effects of areca nut or betel nut". Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology. 35 (1): 3–9. doi:10.4103/0971-5851.133702. PMC 4080659. PMID 25006276.
It is one of the most widely consumed addictive substances in the world after nicotine, ethanol and caffeine, and is consumed by approximately 10% of the world's population.... The users of areca nut believe that it is helpful for the digestive system and has mild euphoric effects. ...
Stampa:In5The major parasympathetic and muscarinic effects of areca nut are due to arecoline.{{cite journal}}
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Pilocarpine, arecoline and muscarine are rather selective parasympathetic agents; i.e., their cholinomimetic activity is exerted primarily at muscarinic sites with minimal nicotinic effects.
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Previous investigations indicated that the arecaidine and guvacine isolated from the A. catechu are effective antagonists of GABA, with IC50 values 122712 μM and 871 μM, respectively (Johnston et al., 1975; Lodge et al., 1977).
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The lime in the betel quid [areca nut, lime and Piper betle leaves] causes hydrolysis of arecoline to arecailide, a central nervous stimulant, which accounts, together with the essential oil of the betel pepper, for the eucphoric effects of chewing betel quid.
- ^ Gilman JM, Ramchandani VA, Davis MB, Bjork JM, Hommer DW (2008). "Why we like to drink: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the rewarding and anxiolytic effects of alcohol". J. Neurosci. 28 (18): 4583–4591. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0086-08.2008. PMC 2730732. PMID 18448634.
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Exceeding the therapeutic doses, pregabalin is described as an 'ideal psychotropic drug' for recreational purposes, including alcohol/GHB/benzodiazepine-like effects, euphoria, entactogenic feelings, and dissociation. ...
Stampa:In5Up to 1200mg ... euphoria ... Over 1500mg ... intense euphoria - ^ a b Schjerning O, Rosenzweig M, Pottegård A, Damkier P, Nielsen J (janar 2016). "Abuse Potential of Pregabalin: A Systematic Review" (PDF). CNS Drugs. 30 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1007/s40263-015-0303-6. ISSN 1179-1934. PMID 26767525. Arkivuar (PDF) nga origjinali më 13 gusht 2017. Marrë më 29 prill 2017.
Pregabalin is, in some cases, used for recreational purposes and it has incurred attention among drug abusers for causing euphoric and dissociative effects when taken in doses exceeding normal therapeutic dosages or used by alternative routes of administration, such as nasal insufflation or venous injection.
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Several case studies mentioned experiencing euphoria after gabapentin misuse that was reminiscent of, but not as strong as, opioids. This feeling was achieved in combination with other drugs (e.g., buprenorphine/naloxone, methadone, baclofen, quetiapine, alcohol) as well as by using gabapentin alone, in dosages ranging from 1500–12000 mg, though only three articles give actual amounts misused.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Rossi, S, red. (korrik 2017). "Perampanel". Australian Medicines Handbook. Adelaide, Australia: Australian Medicines Handbook Pty Ltd. Marrë më 12 gusht 2017.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Huang C, Johnson N (2016). "Nitrous Oxide, From the Operating Room to the Emergency Department". Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports. 4: 16. doi:10.1007/s40138-016-0092-3. ISSN 2167-4884. PMC 4819505. PMID 27073749.
The term 'laughing gas' is a common layman's term for nitrous oxide, given its ability to create a sense of euphoria in the user. In addition, as noted earlier, it has an opioid-like effect, which accounts for its analgesic properties.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Fond G, Macgregor A, Leboyer M, Michalsen A (2013). "Fasting in mood disorders: neurobiology and effectiveness. A review of the literature" (PDF). Psychiatry Research. 209 (3): 253–258. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.018. PMID 23332541. Arkivuar (PDF) nga origjinali më 19 korrik 2018. Marrë më 14 nëntor 2018.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b "Bipolar and Related Disorders". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) (bot. 5th). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 9780890425572.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ a b Ruggero CJ, Kotov R, Watson D, Kilmer JN, Perlman G, Liu K (qershor 2014). "Beyond a single index of mania symptoms: structure and validity of subdimensions". J. Affect. Disord. 161: 8–15. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.044. PMID 24751301.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Dahl J, Lundgren TL (2007). "Conditioning mechanisms, behavior technology, and contextual behavior therapy". përmbledhur nga Holmes GL, Schachter SC, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DGA (red.). Behavioral Aspects of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice (në anglisht). Demos Medical Publishing. fq. 248. ISBN 9781934559888.
[S]eizures themselves may be stimulating or may induce euphoria. Dostoyevsky describes his seizure experience as follows 'the air was filled with a big noise and I tried to move. I felt the heaven was going down upon the earth and that it had engulfed me. I have really touched God. He came into me myself. Yes, God exists. I cried, and I don't remember anything else. You all, healthy people ... can't imagine the happiness we epileptics feel during the second before our fit ... I don't know if this felicity lasts for seconds, hours, or months but believe me, for all the joys that life may bring, I would not exchange this one'.
[emphasis added] - ^ Kanner AM (2011). "Peri-ictal psychiatric phenomena". përmbledhur nga Trimble MR, Schmitz B (red.). The Neuropsychiatry of Epilepsy (në anglisht). Cambridge University Press. fq. 57. ISBN 9781139497893.
The classic expression of an ictal psychiatric symptom is an "aura," presenting as feelings of fear, sadness, or euphoria.
- ^ Gschwind M, Picard F (janar 2016). "Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures: A Glimpse into the Multiple Roles of the Insula". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 10: 21. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00021. PMC 4756129. PMID 26924970.
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(Ndihmë!) In a table listing cases of ecstatic seizures reported in the literature, descriptions include: "Euphoric and talkative", "calm euphoria", "Pleasant feeling, euphoria", "Pleasant feeling, and feels euphoria", "short euphoric states"; others are within the definition of euphoria: "Sudden feeling of extreme well-being", "Ineffable joy. Intense pleasure without match in reality (perhaps music)", "Extreme happiness", "intense (non-sexual) pleasure", "Intense happy feeling", "Sudden indescribably pleasant and joyous feeling", "Sensation of intense well-being", "Intense pleasant feeling", "Intense feelings of bliss and well-being". - ^ Picard F, Friston K (shtator 2014). "Predictions, perception, and a sense of self". Neurology. 83 (12): 1112–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000798. ISSN 0028-3878. PMC 4166359. PMID 25128179.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Devinsky O, Lai G (maj 2008). "Spirituality and religion in epilepsy". Epilepsy & Behavior. 12 (4): 636–643. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.11.011. ISSN 1525-5050. PMID 18171635.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Levenson JL, red. (2011). "Neurology and Neurosurgery". The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychosomatic Medicine: Psychiatric Care of the Medically Ill (në anglisht). American Psychiatric Publishing. fq. 777. ISBN 9781585623792.
- ^ Mulu M (2010). "The Interictal Dsyphoric Disorder of Epilepsy". përmbledhur nga Miyoshi K, Morimura Y, Maeda K (red.). Neuropsychiatric Disorders (në anglisht). Springer Science & Business Media. fq. 106–107. ISBN 9784431538714.
- ^ Engel J (2013). Seizures and Epilepsy (në anglisht). Oxford University Press. fq. 332, 383. ISBN 9780195328547. Arkivuar nga origjinali më 23 prill 2017. Marrë më 23 prill 2017.
Patients who are aware of increased depression or tension prior to generalized tonic-clonic or limbic seizures occasionally report a feeling of euphoria or release during the postictal period....
Stampa:In5[P]atients with interictal or preictal depression can report relief or euphoria postictally, which is consistent with the well-known beneficial effect of electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT). Postictal hypomania can occur, particularly after repeated limbic seizures. - ^ a b Dodick DW, Silberstein SD (2016). Migraine (në anglisht) (bot. 3rd). Oxford University Press. fq. 2, 15. ISBN 9780199793693.
More than 70% of migraineurs experience premonitory phenomena hours to days before headache onset. Psychological symptoms include anxiety, depression, euphoria, irritability, restlessness, mental slowness, hyperactivity, fatigue, and drowsiness.
[emphasis added]
Stampa:In5Following the headache, the patient may have impaired concentration or feel tired, washed out, irritable, and listless. Some people, however, feel unusually refreshed or euphoric after an attack. - ^ Green MW, Colman R (2015). "6. Complicated Migraine". përmbledhur nga Diamond S (red.). Headache and Migraine Biology and Management (në anglisht). Academic Press. fq. 51. ISBN 9780128011621.
[P]remonitory symptoms can occur hours to a day or more prior to a migraine attack (with or without aura). Prodromal symptoms include various combinations of fatigue, stiff neck, sensitivity to light or sounds, difficulty in concentrating, depression or euphoria, cold hands and feet, blurred vision, yawning, nausea and pallor.
[emphasis added] - ^ a b Walling AD (2013). "63. Headache". përmbledhur nga Taylor RB (red.). Family Medicine: Principles and Practice (në anglisht) (bot. 6th). Springer Science & Business Media. fq. 532. ISBN 9780387217444.
Patients in the 'classic' subgroup (approximately 20% of all migrainers) experience a characteristic aura before the onset of migraine head pain.... A much larger proportion of patients describe prodromal symptoms, which may be visceral, such as diarrhea or nausea, but are more commonly alterations in mood or behavior. Food cravings, mild euphoria (conversely, yawning), and heightened sensory perception, particularly of smell, are surprisingly common....
[emphasis added]
Stampa:In5The attack often terminates with sleep.... Many patients report a 'hangover' on waking after a migraine, but others report complete freedom from symptoms and a sense of euphoria. - ^ Haussleiter IS, Brüne M, Juckel G (janar 2009). "Psychopathology in multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, prevalence and treatment". Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord. 2 (1): 13–29. doi:10.1177/1756285608100325. PMC 3002616. PMID 21180640.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Romano S, Nocentini U (2012). "Euphoria, Pathalogical Laughing and Crying". përmbledhur nga Nocentini U, Caltagirone C, Tedeschi G (red.). Neuropsychiatric Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis (në anglisht). Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9788847026766.
- ^ Ashley, Florence; Ells, Carolyn (2018-12-02). "In Favor of Covering Ethically Important Cosmetic Surgeries: Facial Feminization Surgery for Transgender People" (PDF). The American Journal of Bioethics. 18 (12): 23–25. doi:10.1080/15265161.2018.1531162. ISSN 1526-5161. PMID 31159694.
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(Ndihmë!) - ^ Jones, Tiffany (2023). Euphorias in gender, sex and sexuality variations : positive experiences. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-031-23756-0. OCLC 1371240775.
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(Ndihmë!)Mirëmbajtja CS1: Mungon shtëpia botuese te vendodhja (lidhja)