Wikipedia

Konstanci II

(Përcjellë nga Constantius II)

Flavius Julius Constantius (greqisht: Κωνστάντιος; 7 gusht 317 - 3 nëntor 361), i njohur si Konstanci II, ishte perandor romak nga 337 në 361. Mbretërimi i tij pa luftë të vazhdueshme në kufijtë kundër Perandorisë Sasaniane dhe popujve gjermanikë, ndërsa brenda Perandorisë Romake kaloi luftëra të përsëritura civile, intriga të gjykatave dhe uzurpime. Politikat e tij fetare ndezën konfliktet e brendshme që do të vazhdonin edhe pas vdekjes së tij.

Konstanci II

Biografia

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Konstanci ishte i biri i Konstandinit të Madh, i cili e ngriti atë në gradën perandorake të Cezarit më 8 Nëntor 324 dhe pas vdekjes së të cilit Konstanci u bë Auust së bashku me vëllezërit e tij, Konstandini II dhe Konstansi më 9 Shtator 337. Ai mbikëqyri menjëherë masakrën e vjehrrit të tij, një xhaxhai dhe disa kushërinjve, duke konsoliduar kontrollin e tij në pushtet. Vëllezërit e ndanë perandorinë mes tyre, me Kostandinin që mori Greqinë, Trakinë, provincat aziatike dhe Egjiptin në lindje. Për dekadën në vijim, një luftë e kushtueshme dhe jokonkluzive kundër Persisë mori shumicën e kohës dhe vëmendjes së Konstancit. Ndërkohë, vëllezërit e tij Konstandini dhe Konstansi luftuan mbi krahinat perëndimore të perandorisë, duke lënë të parin të vdekur në 340 dhe këtë të fundit si sundimtarin e vetëm të perëndimit. Dy vëllezërit e mbetur ruajtën një paqe të pakëndshme me njëri -tjetrin derisa, në 350, Konstans u përmbys dhe u vra nga uzurpatori Magnentius .

Si perandor, Konstanci promovoi Krishterizmin Arian, ndaloi flijimet pagane dhe nxori ligje kundër hebrenjve . Fushatat e tij ushtarake kundër fiseve gjermanike ishin të suksesshme: ai mundi Alemanët në 354 dhe bëri fushatë përtej Danubit kundër Kuadëve dhe Sarmatëve në 357. Lufta kundër Sasanianëve, e cila ishte në qetësi që nga viti 350, shpërtheu me intensitet të ri në 359 dhe Konstanci udhëtoi në lindje në 360 për të rivendosur stabilitetin pas humbjes së disa kështjellave kufitare. Sidoqoftë, Juliani pretendoi gradën augustus në 360, duke çuar në luftë midis të dyve pasi përpjekjet e Konstancit për të bindur Julianin të tërhiqej dështuan. Asnjë betejë nuk u zhvillua, pasi Konstanci u sëmur dhe vdiq nga ethet më 3 nëntor 361 në Mopsuestia, gjoja duke emëruar Julianin si pasardhësin e tij të ligjshëm para vdekjes së tij.[1] Though he made initial preparations for the war, Constantine fell ill and sent Constantius east to take command of the eastern frontier.[1][2] [3] Constantius captured Amida and initiated a major refortification of the city, enhancing the city's circuit walls and constructing large towers. He also built a new stronghold in the hinterland nearby, naming it Antinopolis.[4]

Shih edhe

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Literatura

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      • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Encyclical letter. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Accessed 15 August 2009.
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      • Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. Apologia ad Constantium. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 August 2009.
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      • Robertson, Archibald, trans. Historia Acephala. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent and Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Accessed 15 August 2009.
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    • de Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men).
      • Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men). From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 August 2009.
  • Libanius. Oratio 59 (Oration 59).
    • M.H. Dodgeon, trans. The Sons of Constantine: Libanius Or. LIX. In From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine Views, A Source History, edited by S.N.C. Lieu and Dominic Montserrat, 164–205. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-09336-8
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  • Socrates. Historia Ecclesiastica (History of the Church).
    • Zenos, A.C., trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 August 2009.
  • Sozomen. Historia Ecclesiastica (History of the Church).
    • Hartranft, Chester D. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 August 2009.
  • Sulpicius Severus. Sacred History.
    • Roberts, Alexander, trans. Sacred History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 11. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1894. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 14 August 2009.
  • Theodoret. Historia Ecclesiastica (History of the Church).
    • Jackson, Blomfield, trans. Ecclesiastical History. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at New Advent. Accessed 15 August 2009.
  • Themistius. Orationes (Orations).
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    • Unknown trans. The History of Count Zosimus. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at Tertullian. Accessed 15 August 2009. [An unsatisfactory edition.]
    • Unknown trans. Histoire Nouvelle and ΖΩΣΙΜΟΥ ΚΟΜΙΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΦΙΣΚΟΣΥΝΗΓΟΡΟΥ (in French and Greek). Online at the Catholic University of Louvain Arkivuar 1 dhjetor 2009 tek Wayback Machine. Accessed 16 November 2009.

Referimet

Redakto
  1. ^ a b Dodgeon, M.H. and Lieu, N.C. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, AD 226–363. p152-153
  2. ^ Julian, Orationes I, 13B
  3. ^ Festus, breviarum 27, p. 67, 2–3
  4. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus XVIII, 9, 1
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